important in the Greek and Roman world, and great attention was paid to their cultivation. The operations involved in the manufacture of both wine and oil find many illustrations among ancient works of art. A vivid description of the vintage is given by Homer among the scenes depicted on the shield of Achilles; and a vase in the Louvre gives a lively picture of the gathering of grapes, a subject also illustrated by a Roman terracotta relief (No. 502) exhibited in the Case, where a Satyr is picking grapes from a vine. Another relief of the same class (No. 503) depicts the treading

FIG. 216.-PLOUGHING SCENE.

out of the grapes in the wine-press, also by Satyrs, two of whom are balancing themselves by holding a ring between them while they tread the grapes in an oblong trough to the tune of flutes. An elderly Satyr brings up fresh supplies in a basket.

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FIG. 217.-WINE BEING DECOCTED (No. 504). L. 1 ft. 9 in.

The must or new wine was partly used for drinking as soon as ready, partly decocted into a sort of jelly (defrutum), and partly stowed in cellars in large casks or jars (dolia); in the latter case after being fermented for nine days it was covered up and sealed. The commoner kinds were drunk direct from the dolia, the finer sorts drawn off into amphorae and stored up. On the marble relief here given (No. 504; fig. 217) we have a representation of the conversion of the must into defrutum : two men are attending to a caldron placed over a fire, while a third is pouring wine from

an amphora into another caldron, and a fourth is waiting to fill a jug from the same. In the lowest part of the Case is exhibited the upper part of an amphora with long neck and two handles (whence the frequent term diota), as an example of those used for the storage of wine. The terracotta figure of a man carrying a wineskin and one of these diotae (No. 505), and a Roman lamp

depicting slaves carrying casks of wine, should also be noted (No. 506; fig. 218).

The cultivation of the olive is well illustrated by a blackfigured vase of the sixth century B.C. (No. 507; fig. 219), showing a primitive method of gathering the fruit: a youth has climbed to the top of the tree, and he and two men are beating the branches with sticks to bring the fruit down, while another youth collects it

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FIG. 219.-MEN GATHERING OLIVES (No. 507). Ca. 1:2.

in a vessel. This method is expressly condemned by Varro, an early Roman writer on agriculture.1

In order to extract the oil from the pulp of the fruit, it was necessary to use a press of some kind, such as we see on the terracotta relief here exhibited (No. 508; fig. 220), of the first century B.C. Here the press consists of flat stones between which layers of olives are placed; to the uppermost stone is fastened a long pole, which serves as a lever, and is being worked by a Satyr; round the press a rope is wound many times.

FIG. 220.-SATYR AT OIL-PRESS (No. 508). Ht. 7 in.

The remaining objects in this Case are mostly illustrative of men or beasts of burden engaged in agricultural and kindred occupations, such as the goat-herd depicted on a Roman lamp to whom the name Titurus is applied, with reference to Virgil's first Eclogue (No. 509; fig. 221). The bronze figure of a donkey (No. 510) with panniers recalls the ornament of Trimalchio's. dinner-table described by Petronius, and may have served a similar purpose; the models of carts from Amathus in Cyprus (No. 511) should also be noted.

1 Varro, Res Rust. i. 55: de oliveto oleam ... legere oportet potius quam quatere.

Flowers.-In Cases 57-58 will be seen a set of funeral wreaths (No. 560; cf. p. 232), found at Hawara, in Egypt. Among the flowers which can be identified in these wreaths are the rose, narcissus, sweet majoram, and immortelle. We know, from an epigram of Martial,' that Egypt cultivated roses with such success that she exported them from Alexandria to Rome during the winter, though at the time when the poet wrote (latter part of first century A.D.), Italy was, according to him, in a position to export

FIG. 221. GOATHERD WITH FLOCK (No. 509). Diam. 3 in.

roses to Egypt. In their gardens the Romans devoted most of their attention to their trees, which they cut into fantastic shapes by the agency of the landscape gardener (topiarius). The species of flowers known to them were decidedly limited in number, but we find gardens of singular beauty depicted on their wall-paintings, notably on one found near the Prima Porta at Rome.2 According to Pliny the Romans at first confined themselves almost 2 Ant. Denkmäler, I., pl. 11.

3

1 vi. 80.