might have fecurity for their lives given them, and called for :the Romans, promifing to open the gates to them; and as they cried out after that manner, they threw ftones at their own people, as though they would drive them away from the gates. These also pretended that they were excluded by force, and that they petitioned those that were within to let them in; and rushing upon the Romans perpetually, with violence, they then came back, and feemed to be in great diforder. Now the Roman foldiers thought this cunning ftratagem of theirs was to be believed real, and thinking they had the one party under their power, and could punish them as they pleafed, and hoping that the other party would open their gates to them, fet to the execution of their defigns accordingly. But for Titus himfelt, he had this furprising conduct of the Jews in fulpicion; for whereas he had invited them to come to terms of accommodation, by Jofephus, but one day before, he could then receive no civil anfwer from them; lo he ordered the foldiers to ftay where they were. However, fome of them that were fet in the front of the works prevented him, and catching up their arms ran to the gates; whereupon those that feemed to have been ejected at the first retired; but as foon as the foldiers were gotten between the towers on each fide of the gate, the Jews ran out and encompaffed them round, and fell upon them behind, while that multitude which stood upon the wall, threw an heap of ftones and darts of all kinds at them, infomuch, that they flew a confiderable number, and wounded many more; for it was not eaty for the Romans to efcape, by reason thole behind them preffed them forward; befides which, the fhame they were under for being mistaken, and the fear they were in of their commanders, engaged them to perlevere in their mistake: Wherefore they fought with their fpears a great while, and received many blows from the Jews, though indeed they gave them as many blows again, and at laft repelled thofe that had encompaffed them about, while the Jews purfued them as they retired, and followed them, and threw darts at them as far as the monuments of Queen Helen.

4. After this thefe Jews, without keeping any decorum, grew infolent upon their good fortune, and jefted upon the Romans for being deluded by the trick they had put upon them, and making a noife with beating their thields, leaped for gladness, and made joyful exclamations; while thefe foldiers were received with threatenings by their officers, and with indignation by Cæfar himself, who fpake to them thus]: "Thefe Jews, which are only conducted by their madnels, do every thing with care and circumfpection; they contrive ftratagems, and lay ambushes, and fortune gives fuccefs to their itratagems, because they are obedient, and preferve their good will and fidelity to one another; while the Romans, to whom fortune ufes to be ever fubfervient, by reason of their

good order, and ready fubmiffion to their commanders, have now had ill fuccefs by their contrary behaviour, and by not being able to reftrain their hands from action, they have been caught; and that which is the most to their reproach, they have gone on without their commanders in the very presence of Cæfar. Truly, fays Titus, the laws of war cannot but groan heavily, as will my father alfo himself, when he fall be informed of this wound that hath been given us, fince he, who is grown old in wars, did never make fo great a mistake. Our laws of war do alfo ever inflict capital punishment on those that in the leaft break into good order, while at this time they have seen an entire army run into diforder. However, thofe that have been fo infolent fhall be made immediately fenfible, that even they who conquer among the Romans without orders for fighting, are to be under difgrace." When Titus had enlarged upon this matter before the commanders, it appeared evident that he would execute the law against all thole that were concerned; fo these foldiers minds funk down in defpair, as expecting to be put to death, and that justly, and quickly. However, the other legions came round about Titus, and intreated his favour to these their fellow-foldiers, and made fupplication to him, that he would pardon the rafhnefs of a few, on account of the better obedience of all the reft; and promised for them that they fhould make amends for their prefent fault, by their more virtuous behaviour for the time to come.

5. So Cæfar.complied with their defires, and with what prudence dictated to him alfo; for he esteemed it fit to punish fingle perfons by real executions, but that the punishment of great multitudes fhould proceed no farther than reproofs: So he was reconciled to the foldiers, but gave them a fpecial charge to act more wifely for the future; and he confidered with himself how he might be even with the Jews for their flratagem. And now, when the space between the Romans and the wall had been levelled, which was done in four days; and as he was defirous to bring the baggage of the army, with the rest of the multitude that followed him, safely to the camp, he fet the strongest part of his army over against that wall which lay on the north quarter of the city, and over against the western part of it, and made his army feven deep, with the footmen placed before them, and the horsemen behind them, each of the laft in three ranks, while the archers stood in the midst in feven ranks. And now as the Jews were prohibited, by fo great a body of men, from making fallies upon the Romans, both the beafts that bear the burdens, and belonged to the three legions, and the rest of the multitude marched on without any fear. But as for Titus himfelf, he was but about two furlongs diftant from the wall, at that part of it where was the corner *, * and

Perhaps, fays Dr. Hudfon, here was that gate, called the Gate of the Corneta in 2 Chr. xxvi. 9. See ch. i. § 2.

over against that tower which was called Plephinus, at which tower the compafs of the wall belonging to the north bended, and extended itfelt over against the weft; but the other part of the army fortified itself at the tower called Hippicus, and was diftant, in like manner, but two furlongs from the city. However, the tenth legion continued in its own place, upon the Mount of Olives.

CHA P. IV.

The Defcription of Jerufalem.

11. not encompalled with un

HE city of Jerusalem was fortified with three walls,

ble valleys; for in fuch places it hath but one wall. The city was built upon two hills, which are opposite to one another, and have a valley to divide them afunder; at which valley the correfponding rows of houfes on both hills end. Of thefe hills, that which contains the upper city is much higher, and in length more direct. Accordingly it was called the Citadel, by king David; he was the father of that Solomon who built this temple at the firft; but it is by us called the Upper Market place. But the other hill, which was called Acra, and fuftains the lower city, is of the fhape of a moon when he is horned; over against this there was a third hill, but naturally lower than Acra, and parted formerly from the other by a broad valley. However, in those times, when the Afamoneans reigned, they filled up that valley with earth, and had a mind to join the city to the temple. They then took off part of the height of Acra, and reduced it to be lefs elevation than it was before, that the temple might be fuperior to it. Now the valley of the Cheefe-mongers, as it was called, and was that which we told you before diftinguished the hill of the upper city from that of the lower, extended as far as Siloam; for that is the name of a fountain which hath fweet water in it, and this in great plenty alfo. But on the out-fides, thefe hills are furrounded by deep valleys, and by reafon of the precipices to them belonging on both fides, they are every where unpaffable.

2. Now, of these three walls, the old one was hard to be taken, both by reafon of the valleys, and of that hill on which it was built, and which was above them. But befides that great advantage, as to the place where they were fituated, it was alfo built very ftrong; because David, and Solomon, and the following kings were very zealous about this work. Now that wall began on the north, at the tower called Hippicus, and extended as far as the Xiflus, a place fo called, and then joining to the council-houfe, ended at the west cloister of the tempel. But it we go the other way weftward, it began at the

fame place, and extended through a place called Bethfo, to the gate of the Effens; and after that it went fouthward, having its bending above the fountain Siloam, where it also bends again towards the east at Solomon's pool, and reaches as far as a certain place which they called Ophlas, where it was joined to the eastern cloifter of the temple. The fecond wall took its beginning from that gate which they called Gennath, which belonged to the firft wall; it only encompaffed the northern quarter of the city, and reached as far as the tower Antonia. The beginning of the third wall was at the tower Hippicus, whence it reached as far as the north quarter of the city, and the tower Plephinus, and then was fo far extended till it came over against the monuments of Helena, which Helena was queen of Adiabene, the daughter of Izates: It then extended farther to a great length, and paffed by the fepulchral caverns of the kings, and bent again at the tower of the corner, at the monument which is called the Monument of the Fuller, and joined to the old wall at the valley called the Valley of Cedron. It was Agrippa who encompaffed the parts added to the old city with this wall, which had been all naked before; for as the city grew more populous, it gradually crept beyond its old limits, and those parts of it that flood northward of the temple, and joined that hill to the city, made it confiderably larger, and occafioned that hill, which is in number the fourth, and is called Bezetha, to be inhabited alfo. It lies over againft the tower Antonia, but is divided from it by a deep valley, which was dug on purpose, and that in order to hinder the foundations of the tower of Antonia from joining to this hill, and thereby affording an opportunity for getting to it with eafe, and hindering the fecurity that arofe from its fuperior elevation; for which reafon alfo that depth of the ditch made the elevation of the towers more remarkable. This new built part of the city was called Bezethe, in our language, which, if interpreted in the Grecian language, may be called The New City. Since therefore its inhabitants flood in need of a covering, the father of the prefent king, and of the fame name with him, Agrippa, began that wall we fpoke of; but he left off building it when he had only laid the foundations, out of the fear he was in of Claudius Cæfar, left he fhould fufpe& that fo ftrong a wall was built in order to make fome innovation in public affairs; for the city could no way have been taken, if that wall had been finished in the manner it was begun; as its parts were connected together by ftones twenty cubits long, and ten cubits broad, which could never have been either easily undermined by any iron tools, or fhaken by any engines. This wall was, however, ten cubits wide, and it would probably have had an height greater than that, had not his zeal who began it been hindered from exerting itself. After this, it was erected with great diligence by the Jews, as high as twenty cubits, above which it had battlements of two

cubits, and turrets of three cubits altitude, infomuch that the entire altitude extended as far as twenty-five cubits.

3. Now the towers that were upon it were twenty cubits in breadth, and twenty cubits in height; they were square, and folid as was the wall itself, wherein the nicenefs of the joints, and the beauty of the ffones were no way inferior to those of the holy house itself. Above this folid altitude of the towers, which was twenty cubits, there were rooms of great magnifi cence, and over them upper rooms, and cifterns to receive rain-water. They were many in number, and the fteps by which you afcended up to them were every one broad: Of thefe towers then the third wall had ninety, and the spaces be tween them were each two hundred cubits; but in the middle wall were forty towers, and the old wall was parted into fixty, while the whole compals of the city was thirty-three furlongs. Now the third wall was all of it wonderful; yet was the tower Pfephinus elevated above it at the north-weft corner, and there Titus pitched his own tent: For being leventy cubits high, it both afforded a profpect of Arabia, at fun-rifing, as well as it did of the utmoft limits of the Hebrew poffeffions at the fea weftward. Moreover, it was an octagon, and over against it was the tower Hippicus, and hard by two others were erected by king Herod, in the old wall. Thefe were for largeness, beauty, and ftrength, beyond all that were in the habitable earth; for befides the magnanimity of his nature, and his magnificence towards the city on other occafions, he built thefe after fuch an extraordinary manner, to gratify his own private affections, and dedicated thefe towers to the memory of thofe three perfons who had been the dearest to him, and from whom he named them. They were his brother, his friend, and his wife. This wife he had flain, out of his love, [and jealoufy], as we have already related; the other two he loft in war, as shey were courageously fighting. Hippicus, lo named from his friend, was fquare, its length and breadth were each twenty.five cubits, and its height thirty, and it had no vacuity in it. Over this folid building, which was compofed of great ftones united together, there was a refervoir twenty cubits deep; over which there was an houfe of two ftories, whofe height was twenty-five cubits, and divided into feveral parts; over which were battlements of two cubits, and turrets all round of three cubits high, infomuch that the entire height added together amounted to four-fcore cubits. The fecond tower, which he named from his brother Phafaelus, had its breadth and its height equal, each of them forty cubits; over which a cloifter went round about whofe height was ten cubits, and it was covered from enemies by breast works and bulwarks. There was alfo built over that cloifler another tower, parted into magnificent rooms, and a place for bathing; fo that this tower wanted nothing that might make it appear to be a royal palace. It was alfo adorned with battlements and