ICE

Iceland, later history of, 193.
Icelandic language, 190.

Iconium, Turkish, sultans of, 307.
Illumination of Manuscripts, lost art
of, 20.

Illyrians, Greek and Roman writers
on the race and language of the,
126 note.

Illyrian language, the ancient, 196

note.

Illyrian languages, 200.
India, the Mulla Abdu-l-Kádir Ma-
luk's general history of, 151

note.

origin of the name of India,

228.

Indian Philosophers, difficulty of ad-
mitting the influence of, on Greek
philosophers, 94 note.
Indies, East and West, historical
meaning of the names, 227.
Indo-European family of languages.
See Aryan.

Inflectional stage of language, 324.
Instrumental, formation of the, in
Chinese, 119 note, 218.
Interjectional theory of roots, 367.
Interpreters, first encouragement
given to, by trade, 93.
Irán, modern name of Persia, origin
of the, 242.

Iranic class of languages, 205.
Iron, name for, in Sanskrit and
Gothic, 236.

Iron, the Os of the Caucasus calling
themselves, 243.

Italian dialects, number of, 58, 197.
natural growth of, 67.

real sources of, 69.

Italians, the, indebted to the Greeks
for the very rudiments of civiliza-
tion, 101.

Italic class of languages, 196.
Italy, dialects spoken in, before the
rise of Rome, 197.

Its, as a possessive pronoun, intro-
duction of, 46.

JEROME, ST., his opinion that He-

brew was the primitive language
of mankind, 132.

Jews, literary idiom of the, in the
century preceding and following
the Christian era,
277.

LAN

Jews, and from the fourth to the
tenth centuries, 277.

their adoption of Arabic, 277.
their return to a kind of mod-
ernized Hebrew, 277.

Jones, Sir William, his remarks on
the affinity between Sanskrit and
Greek, 159.

Julien, M. Stanislas, his notes on the
Chinese language, 118 note.
Justinian, the Emperor, sends an
embassy to the Turks, 302.

“KALEWALA,” the, the “Iliad "
of the Finns, 318.
Kalmüks, the, 296, 300.
Kapchakian empire, the, 297.
Kara-Kalpak tribes near Aral-Lake,
304.

Karelian dialect of Finnic, 318.
Karians, Greek authors on the, 125

note.

Kempe, André, his notion of the
languages spoken in Paradise,
135 note.

Kepler, quoted, 129 note.
Khi-nie, the Chinese pilgrim, his
travels into India, 149.
Kirgis tribe, the, 305.

Kirgis Hordes, the three, 305.
Kirgis-Kasak, tribe of the, 305.
Kumüks, tribe of the, in the Cau-
casus, 303.

Kuthami, the Nabatean, his work on
"Nabatean Agriculture," 280.
period in which he lived, 280

note.

LABAN, language of, 278.

Language, science of, one of the
physical sciences, 11, 31.
modern date of the science of,
13.

names of the science of, 14.
meaning of the science of, 14.

little it offers to the utilitarian
spirit of our age, 20.
modern importance of the sci-
ence of, in political and social
questions, 22.

the barrier between man and
beast, 23.

of, 33.

history of language, 173.
distinction between the radical
and formal elements of, 215.
constituent elements of, 250.
morphological classification,
275, 286.

the inflectional stage of, 324.
consideration of the problem
of a common origin of lan-
guages, 326 et seq.
former theories, 35.

proper method of inquiry, 347.
man and brutes, faculties of, 350.
the difference between man and
brute, 354.

the inward power of which lan-
guage is the outward sign and
manifestation, 355.
universal ideas, 356.

general ideas and roots, 356.
the primum cognitum and pri-
mum appellatum, 370.
knowing and naming, 378.
language and reason, 383.
sound and thought, 384.
natural selection of roots, 386.
nothing arbitrary in language,
389.

origin and confusion of tongues,
391.

the radical stage of language,
285, 286.

the terminational stage, 285,
288.

the inflectional stage, 285.
Languages, number of known, 35.
teaching of foreign languages
comparatively a modern in-
vention, 91.

reason why the ancient Greeks
never learned foreign lan-
guages, 91.

"The Mountain of Languages,"
93.

genealogical classification of,

166.

tests for reducing the principal
dialects in Europe and Asia to
certain families of languages,.
174.

genealogical classification not
applicable to all languages,
174.
radical relationship, 176.
comparative grammar, 214.

LAN

Languages, formal and radical ele-
ments of, 216.

all formal elements of language
originally substantial, 228.
degrees of relationship of, 284.
all languages reducible in the
end to roots, 286.

Langue d'Oil, ancient song in the,
196.

Laps, or Laplanders, 319.
their habitat, 319.
their language, 319.
Latin, what is meant by, 67.
changes in, according to Poly-
bius, 67.

the old Salian poems, 67.
provincialisms of Cicero, 67.
stagnation of Latin when it be-
came the language of civiliza-
tion, 68.

Latin genitives, 117.
similarity between Gothic and
Latin, 127.

genealogical relation of Latin
to Greek, 172.

the future in Latin, 230.
Leibniz, the first to conquer the pre-
judice that Hebrew was the
primitive language of man-
kind, 135.

and the first to apply the prin-
ciple of inductive reasoning
to the subject of language,

135.

his letter to Peter the Great,
quoted, 136.

his labors in the science of lan-
guage, 137.

his various studies, 138.

on the formation of thought
and language, quoted, 373.
Lesbos, dialects of the island of,
59.

Lettic language, the, 199.

Lewis, Sir Cornewall, his criticisms

on the theory of Raynouard, 171.
Linnæus, his system, although im-
perfect, important to science, 26.
Literary languages, origin of, 65.

inevitable decay of, 68.
Lithuanian language, the, 199.
the oldest document in, 199.
Livius Andronicus, 104.

his translation of the Odyssey
into Latin verse, 104.
Livonians, dialect of the, 318.

MACEDONIANS, ancient authors on
the, 125 note.

Madam, origin of word, 226.
Mago, the Carthaginian, his book on
agriculture in Punic, 94 note.
Man, ancient words for, 381.
Man and brutes, faculties of, 349.

difference between man and
brutes, 354.

Mandshu tribes, speaking a Tungu-
sic language, 296.
grammar of, 323.

imitative sounds in, 366 note.
Manetho, his study and cultivation
of the Greek language, 95.
his work on Egypt, 95.

his knowledge of hieroglyphics,

MEN

Ment, origin of the termination in
French adverbs, 55.
Mescheräks, tribe of the, their pres-
ent settlements, 304.
Milton, John, number of words used
by, in his works, 267.
Ming-ti, the Emperor of China, al-
lows the introduction of Bud-
dhism into his empire, 147.
sends officials to India to study
the doctrines of Buddha, 148.
Missionaries. their importance in
elucidating the problem of the
dialectical life of language, 62.
Moallakat, or "suspended poems,"
of the Arabs, 281.
Moffat, Rev. Robert, on the dialects
of Southern Africa, 64.
Monboddo, Lord, on language as the
barrier between man and
brutes, quoted, 24.

his "Ancient Metaphysics'
quoted, 160 and note.
Mongolian dialects, entering a new
phase of grammatical life, 64.
Mongolian class of languages, 296.

grammar of, 323.

Mongols, their original seat, 296.
three classes of them, 296.
their conquests, 297.

dissolution of the empire, 299.
their present state, 300.
their language, 300.

Moon, antiquity of the word, 16.
Moravia, devastated by the Mon-
gols, 299.

Mortal, origin of the word, 382.
Much and Very, distinction between,
48.

Muhammed ben Musa, his translation
of the Indian treatise on algebra
into Arabic, 149.

Mythology, real nature of, 21, 237.

NABATEANS, the, supposed to have
been descendants of the
Babylonians and Chaldeans,
279.

the work of Kuthami on "Na-
batean Agriculture," 280.
National languages, origin of, 64.
Nature, immutability of, in all her
works, 42.

Dr. Whewell quoted, 42.

OS

Nebuchadnezzar, his name stamped
on all the bricks made during his
reign, 283.

Neo-Latin dialects, 196.
NeμérĢIOL, the, of Constantinus
Porphyrogeneta, 91 note.
Nestorians of Syria, forms and pres-
ent condition of their language,
276, note.

Nicopolis, battle of, 307.
No and nay, as used by Chaucer, 225.
Nobili, Roberto de, 155.

his study of Sanskrit, 155.
Nogái tribes, history of the, 303.
Nomad languages, 290.

indispensable requirements of
a nomad language, 292.
wealth of, 71.

nomadic tribes and their wars,
315.

their languages, 316.
Nominalism and Realism, contro-
versy between, in the Middle Ages,

22.

Norman words in the English lan-
guage, proportion of, to Saxon
words, 84.

Norway, poetry of, 192.

the hliod or quida, 193.

the two Eddas, 191-194.

Norwegian language, stagnation of
the, 70.

Number of known languages, 35.

OBSOLETE words and senses since

the translation of the Bible in
1611, 45.

Onomatopoieia, theory of, 358.
Ophir of the Bible, 203.

Origen, his opinion that Hebrew was
the primitive language of man-
kind, 132.

Origin of language, consideration
of the problem of the common,
326 et seq.
Ormuzd, the god of the Zoroastrians,
mentioned by Plato, 207.
discovery of the name Aura-
mazda in the cuneiform in-
scriptions, 207.

origin of the name Auramazda
or Ormuzd, 207.

Os, the, of Ossethi, calling them-
selves Iron, 243.

OSC

Oscan language and literature, the,

196.

Osmanli language, the, 301, 306.
Ostiakes, dialects of the, 63.
Owl-glass, stories of, 260.

PALI, once the popular dialect of
Behar, 146.

Panatius, the Stoic philosopher at
Rome, 107.

Pânini, Sanskrit grammar of, 116.
Pantomime, the, and the King, story
of, 368.

Paolino de San Bartolomeo, Fra,
first Sanskrit grammar published
by, 142, 158.

Paradise, languages supposed by
various authors to have been
spoken in, 135, 136.
Parsi, period when it was spoken in
Persia, 210.

Parsis, or fire-worshippers, the an-
cient, 205.

their prosperous colony in Bom-
bay, 205.

their various emigrations, 205

note.

their ancient language, 205,
210.

Pascatir race, the, 320.

Pater, origin of the Latin word, 57.
Pay, to, origin of the word, 124.
Pedro, Padre, the missionary at
Calicut, 154.

Pehlevi, or Huzvaresh language,
210.

Pelasgi, Herodotus on the, 125 note.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus on
the, 125 note.
Percussion, etymology of, 53.
Perion, his work on language, 131

note.

Permian tribes and language, 320.
Permic branch of the Finnic class of
languages, 319.

the name of Perm, 319.

the Permic tribes, 320.

Polish, oldest specimens of, 200.
Polybius, on the changes Latin had

undergone in his time, 67.

Pons, Father, his report of the liter-
ary treasures of the Brahmans,
157.

Pott, Professor, his "Etymological
Researches," 167.

his advocacy of the polygenetic
theory, 342 note.
Prâkrit idioms, the, 146.
Prâtisâkhyas, the, of the Brahmans,
116.

Priest, origin of the word, 122.
Priscianus, influence of his gram-

matical work on later ages, 114.
Protagoras, his attempt to change
and improve the language of
Homer, 48.

Provençal, the daughter of Latin,

171.

not the mother of French, Ita-
lian, Spanish, and Portuguese
171.

the earliest Provençal poem,
196.

Kisilbash of, 302.

Persian language, 83.

influence of the, over the Turk-
ish language, 83.

the ancient Persian language.
See Zend, Zend-avesta.

ature of, 200.

Ptolemy, his system of astronomy,
although wrong, important to sci-
ence, 26.

Ptolemy Philadelphus and the Sep-
tuagint, 96 note.