APHDAL, the Fatimite, expels the sons of APHIDES, k. of Athens, B.C. 1137 (1138 H., 1134 C.). APION of Alexandria, fl. 39-sent as an ambassador to Rome, 40. APIS, k. of Argos, B.C. 1747 (1693 C.). 169. APOLLINARIS, Sidonius, celebrates the consulship of his father-in-law, the emperor Avitus, 456-addresses his panegyric to Majorian, 458-to Anthemius, 468-bp. of Clermont, 469. APOLLINARIUS. See ALEXANDRIA, bps. of. APOLLINARIUS, bp. of Hierapolis, 172. APOLLINARIUS, bp. of Laodicea, writes against Porphyry, and at last deviates into heresy, 366. APOLLO, Commodus places a head of himself on a statue of, 189. APOLLODORUS, Athenian archon, B.C. 430. APOLLODORUS, Athenian archon, B.C. 350. APOLLODORUS, Athenian archon, B.C. 321. APOLLODORUS, chronologist, fl. B.C. 145. APOLLODORUS of Damascus, the architect, constructs Trajan's bridge over the Danube, 105-designs and executes Trajan's column; is also employed on the Odeum temples, triumphal arches, &c., 113. APOLLODORUS of Gela, the comic poet, fl. B.C. 326. APOLLODORUS of Pergamus, fl. B.C. 63. preceptor of Octavius, 44. APOLLONIUS, consul of Rome, 460. APOLLONIUS, writes against the Montanists, 212-answered by Tertullian, 213. APOLLONIUS of Athens, the sophist, sent ambassador to Sept. Severus, 196. APOLLONIUS of Naucratis, the sophist, fl. 196. APOLLONIUS RHODIUS, is appointed librarian at Alexandria, B.C. 194. APOLLONIUS of Tyana, begins to distinguish himself, 17-visits Persia and India, 45-present at the Olympic games, 61-ordered to leave Rome, 66-quarrels with Euphrates in Egypt, 69-meets Titus in Cilicia, 71-returns to Rome; accused of conspiracy; suffered to escape, and goes to the Olympic games, 93-d. 97. For his biography, see PHILOSTRATUS of Lemnos. APOLOGETICUS. See TERTULLIAN. APOLOGIES for Christianity. See ARIS TIDES, QUADRATUS, JUSTIN MARTYR, ATHENAGORAS, MELITO, and MILTIADES. APOLOGY for Quakerism. See BARCLAY. APOSTOLICALS, a sect, headed by Segarelli, denounce the licentiousness of the clergy, 1261-they are prohibited by the pope, 1286-again persecuted, 1290their leader burnt at Parma, and they retire into Dalmatia, under a new leader, Dolcino, 1300-return to Italy, and fix themselves on a mountain near Vercelli, 1304-crusade against them, 1306-dispersion of the sect, 1307. See SEGARELLI, and DOLCINO. APPELLÆUS, Olympic victor, B.C. 540. APPENZEL, invites the protection of the Swiss cantons against the abbot of St. Gall, 1411-joins the Swiss League, 1513. APPIAN of Alexandria, becomes known to Hadrian, and follows him to Rome, 130 -writes his History, 147. APPIAN ROAD (Via Appia), constructed by the censor Appius Claudius Cæcus, B.C. 312. APPIANO, Gherardo d', sells Pisa to Jo. Galeazzo Visconte, duke of Milan, 1399. APPIUS, Sp. Decemvir, dies in prison, B.C. 449. APPIUS CLAUDIUS. See CLAUDIUS. APPRENTICES, tumult of the, in Westminster, Dec. 28, 1641. APPROPRIATION CLAUSE, in the Irish Church Bill, thrown out by the Lords, 1835-again, July 25, 1836. APPULEIUS, M., consul of Rome, B.C. 20. APPULEIUS, Sex., consul of Rome, B.C. 29— subdues Pannonia, 8. APPULEIUS, Sex., consul of Rome, 14. APRAXIN, the Russian adm., defeats the Swedish adm. Erenschild, and takes him prisoner, 1714. APRIES, k. of Egypt, B.C. 594 C. APRONIANUS, C. Vipstanus, consul of Rome, 59. APRONIANUS, Vipstamus, consul of Rome, 117. APRONIANUS, C. Ventidius, consul of Rome, 123. APRONIANUS, consul of Rome, 168. APSEUDES, Athenian archon, B.C. 433. APULEIUS, leaves Madaura, studies at Car- APULIA, part of the new Greek province, See AQUA CLAUDIA, an aqueduct of Rome, com menced by Caligula, 38-completed by Claudius, 52. AQUA CURTIA, an aqueduct of Rome, restored by Titus, 81. AQUÆ MATTIACE, reached by Valentinian, AQUE SEXTIE, the first Roman colony in AQUAVIVA, author of the school system AQUILINUS, consul of Rome, 162. AQUILINUS, T. Vettius, consul of Rome, 125. AQUINAS, Thomas, studies at Paris, 1245— called "the angelic doctor"-dies on his way to the council of Lyons, 1274. AQUINO; Gregory VII. retires to, 1080. AQUITAINE, given to Wallia, kingdom of the Visigoths founded, 418--conquered by Clovis, 507- independent under Eudes, 717--the Saracens expelled from, 732-occupied by Charles Martel, 735 AQUITAINE-Continued. held by Hunald, son of Eudes, as duke, 736-Waifar, son of Hunald, maintains himself against Pepin, 762 — is slain, and his duchy conquered, 768-Louis, son of Charlemagne, crowned k. of Aquitaine at Rome, 781-gives the title to his son, Pepin, 815-who dies, 838-his sons claim the inheritance, 840 - the eldest of them, Pepin, acquires possession of it, 845-Charles the Bald takes him prisoner and seizes Aquitaine, 851 -the people offer it to a son of Louis of Germany, but Pepin escapes and places himself again at their head, 854-reduced by Charles, 865-governed by his son, Louis the Stammerer, 867-given by Lothaire to Hugh, count of Paris, 955becomes an appendage of the English crown, through the marriage of Henry (II.) Plantagenet to Eleanor of Guienne, 1152 Edward III. founds the principality of, for the Black Prince, 1362-the nobles of, refuse to pay the taxes levied by the prince for his Castilian campaign, and appeal to the k. of France, 1368. See GUIENNE. AQUITANIA, disturbances in, settled by Messalla, B.C. 27. AQUITANUS, Victorius, writes his Canon Paschalis, 457. ARABIA; Ptolemy Energetes extends his empire on the western coast, B.C. 225unsuccessful expedition of Ælius Gallus, gov. of Egypt, 24-part of Arabia Petræa conquered by Corn. Palma, A.D. 106-visit of Hadrian, 130-Sept. Severus gives the name of Arabia to Adiabene, which he forms into a new province, 195-the native land of Mohammed, in which he announces himself as a prophet, 610-conquered by him, 630-his successors take the title of caliphs, 632their first money coined by Abdelmelik, 695-their empire extends from Tartary and India in the East, to the shores of the Atlantic, 718-learning introduced by Almansor, 754-its magnificence under Haroun Al Raschid, 786-809-declines, 841-conquered by the Bowide Ahmed, who makes himself Emir Al Omra, 944-MSS. purchased in Arabia for the caliph of Spain, Al Hakem, 962Hulagou murders Al Mostasem, and puts an end to the caliphate, 1258-conquered by the Ottoman, Selim I., 1518-conquest completed by Soliman II., 1538-establishment of the British at Aden, 1839. ARABIA, caliphs of : Abu Beker, 632-634. ARABIA, caliphs of :-continued. OMMIADES. Abul Abbas, or Saffah, 750-754. Now styled CALIPHS OF BAGDAD. Haroun Al Raschid, 786-809. Al Motamed, 870-892. Al Moktafi, 1136-1160. Al Mostanser, 1226-1243. Al Mostasem, 1243-1258. ARABIAN numerals, introduced in France by Gerbert, from Cordova, 991. ARABIC, taught in Spain by schools which Hixem the caliph establishes for that purpose, 794. ARABISSUS, a town of Cappadocia, to which Chrysostom is banished, 406. ARABS (Saracens) invade Syria, and are repulsed by Eugenius, 497-invade Palestine, 502. See SARACENS and Mo HAMMEDANS. ARADUS, the island of, on the coast of ARAGON, an independent power, under Aznar, son of Eudes of Aquitaine, 737. See ARAGONESE. Attacked by Muhamad, caliph of Spain, 860-the kingdom of, founded by Ramiro I., 1035-he adds Sobrarba to it, 1038-bequeathed by Alfonso I. to the Templars and Hospitallers, but the gift does not take effect, 1131-Ramiro II. resigns his kingdom to Raymond, count of Barcelona, and retires into a monastery, 1137-pope Martin IV. declares the kingdom forfeited by Peter III., and offers it to Charles de Valois, 1283-treaty of peace with France, 1287-concluded, 1288pope Innocent VI. endeavours ineffectually to restore peace between Castile and Aragon, 1359-they are reconciled by the treaty of Almazan, 1374-a contest arises between John II. and his nobles they invite Pedro, prince of Portugal, to take the throne, 1464-on his death, they offer the crown to Regnier d' Anjou, 1466. See ANJOU, Regnier d'.-United to Castile, under Ferdinand and Isabella, 1479- Don Carlos carries on a harassing warfare in, 1838. ARAGON, Sovereigns of: Ramiro I., 1035–1067. Sancho I., 1067-1094. Alfonso III., 1285-1291. James II., the Just, 1291-1327. Alfonso IV., 1327-1336. Pedro IV., 1336-1387. John I., 1387–1395. Martin I., 1395-1410. One year Inter-regnum. Ferdinand the Just, 1412-1416. ARAGONESE, the, regain their lost territory from Muhamad, 862-are defeated by the Merines, at Mastos, in Jaen, 1275 -in alliance with the Venetians, send an army into the Archipelago, 1351defeated by the Genoese in a naval battle in the Bosphorus, Feb. 13, 1352defeat the Genoese off Linghiera, in Sardinia, Aug. 29, 1353-they appoint nine judges to examine and decide on the claims of the candidates for their crown, 1411-they decide in favour of Ferdinand, regent of Castile, 1412-are excited to revolt by the severities of the Inquisition, and put to death the chief inquisitor, Peter Arbue, 1486-unsuccessfully attempt to regain their ancient privileges, 1725. ARALEUS, K. of Assyria, B.C. 1897 (2020 C.) ARAM, Eugene, convicted of murder, Aug. 3, 1759-executed, Aug. 6. ARANDA, count, prime minister of Spain, 1766. ARANIE, battle of; Mr. Clive defeats the French and their Indian allies, Dec. 3, 1751. ARANJUEZ, insurrection at, Mar. 17, 1808. ARARIC, the Gothic chieftain, is compelled by the Cæsar Constantine to make peace with the Sarmatians, and give his son as a hostage, 332. ARAROS, the son of Aristophanes, poet of the middle comedy at Athens, B.C. 375. ARATUS, restores freedom to Sicyon, B.C. 251-prætor of the Achæan league, 245sets Corinth free, 243-involves the Lacedæmonians and the Achæan league in war, 227-again prætor of the Achæans, 217-poisoned by Philip V., k. of Macedon. 213. ARATUS, the poet, fl., patronized by Antigonus Gonatas, B.C. 272. "ARAUCANA." See ERCILLA, Alonzo de. ARAXES, a river between Armenia and Media, from which the Massagetæ drive the Cimmerians, B.C. 635-Justinian, a general of Justin II., penetrates to its banks, A.D. 575. ARBELA, battle of, between Alexander and ARBOGASTES, left by Theodosius to assist in the defence of the West, 391-kills Valentinian II. at Vienne, and sets up Eugenius as emperor, 392-is defeated and slain, Sept. 6, 394. ARBUE, Peter, chief inquisitor, put to death for his cruelties by the Aragonese, 1486. ARBUTHNOT, Dr., d. 1735. ARCADIA, governed by the sons of Arcas, B.C. 1335 (C. 1333)-Megalopolis is founded by the Thebans, 371-invaded by Agesilans, 370-alliance with Athens, 366-war with Elis, 365-invaded by Archidamus, 364. ARCADIOPOLIS, battle of; the Bulgarians defeat the emperor Isaac Angelus, 1194. ARCADIUS, son of Theodosius I., b. 377receives the title of Augustus, 383becomes emperor of the East, and marries Eudocia, daughter of the Frank, Bauto, 395-birth of his daughter, Pulcheria-oration of Synesius addressed to him, 399-his son, Theodosius, b. 401 -Arcadius d. May 1, 408. ARCAS. See ARCADIA. ARCESILAUS I., son of Battus I., k. of Cyrene, B.C. 591-575. ARCESILAUS IV., last of the race of Battus, killed, B.C. 431. ARCESILAUS, consul of Rome, 267. ARCESILAUS, of the New Academy, fl. B.C. 299-head of the school, 278-d. 241. ARCH OF TITUS, at Rome, 80-of Sept. Severus, 203 of Constantine, 312-of Honorius, 404-at the entrance of the park, London; equestrian statue of Wellington placed on it, 1846. ARCHEANACTIDE, the earliest sovereigns of Bosporus, about B.C. 480. ARCHAGATHUS, the first Roman physician, fl. B.C. 219. ARCHAMBAUD, Beatrice, heiress of Bourbon, marries Robert, sixth son of Louis IX., k. of France, about 1300. ARCHANGEL, the passage to, round the North Cape, discovered, 1553-the Norwegians attempt to interrupt the English commerce, 1578-the czar Peter acquires there a practical knowledge of navigation, 1694 a project of the Swedes against it defeated, 1702. ARCHBISHOP; the term first used instead of Metropolitan, in the acts of the synod of Maçon, 581. ARCHBISHOPS of Milan and Ravenna, dispute for precedence, 1027, 1047. ARCHDALE, John, a quaker, elected for Wycombe, refuses to take the oaths, 1698. ARCHELAUS, a priest of Sicyon, B.C. 1128; doubtful. ARCHELAUS, grandson of Orestes, forms a settlement in Asia Minor, B.C. 1088. ARCHELAUS, Agidan k. of Lacedæmon, B.C. 883-823. ARCHELAUS, the instructor of Socrates, B.C. 450. ARCHELAUS, k. of Macedon, B.C. 413-assassinated, 399. ARCHELAUS, raises an army in Greece to support Mithridates, B.C. 87-defeated by Sylla, 86. ARCHELAUS, his son, marries Berenice, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, reigus with her in Egypt, and is expelled by the consul, Gabinius, B.C. 56. ARCHELAUS, son of the foregoing, is made k. of Cappadocia by M. Antony, B.C. 36 -Conon dedicates his history to him--dethroned by Tiberius, and detained at Rome, A.D. 15-d. there, 17. ARCHELAUS, eldest son of Herod, receives half Judæa from Augustus, with the title of ethnarch, B.C. 3-banished by him, A.D. 6. ARCHELAUS, bp. of Mesopotamia, writes against Manicheism, 278. ARCHES, Athenian archon, B.C. 393 H. ARCHESTRATIDES, Athenian archon, B.C. 577. ARCHIANUS, K. of Babylon, B.C. 709. ARCHIAS, Athenian archon, B.C. 419. ARCHIAS, Athenian archon, B.C. 346. ARCHIAS, a Corinthian, founds Syracuse, B.C. 735. ARCHIAS of Megara, founds Chalcedon, ARCHIAS the poet, a native of Antioch, ARCHIDAMUS II., Proclidan k. of Lacedæmon, B.C. 469-invades Attica, 431-d. 427. ARCHIDAMUS III., gains the "tearless victory" over the Peloponnesians, B.C. 367 -invades Arcadia, 364-Proclidan k. of Lacedæmon, 361-assists the Phocians in the Sacred War, 356-is slain in Italy, fighting as the ally of the Tarentines, 338. ARCHIDAMUS IV., one of the Proclidæ, is defeated by Demetrius Poliorcetes, B.C. 296. ARCHIDAMUS V., Proclidan k. of Lacedæmon, and last of the line, B.C. 229-put to death by Cleomenes, 224. ARCHIDEMIDES, Athenian archon, B.C. 464. ARCHILOCHUS, the poet, fl. and invents lambics, B.C. 708. ARCHILOCHUS, Olympic victor, B.C. 544. ARCHIMEDES, the geometrician b. B.C. 287 -fl., 221-assists in defending Syracuse, 214-killed, 212. ARCHINUS, makes himself prominent at Athens, B.C. 402. ARCHIPELAGO, an island thrown up in it by a submarine volcano near Thera, 726-Mark Sanudo founds his duchy, 1207. See SANUDO, NAXOS, and CRISPO. The Venetians and Pedro IV. of Aragon send a powerful army into, 1351-the Turks are expelled, 1472-regain their dominion, 1479. ARCHIPPUS, Athenian archon, B.C. 988 (1041 H). ARCHIPPUS, Athenian archon, B.C.321 (318 C.). |