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CHARLES II., K. of France-continued. kingdom. 870-is encouraged by Hincmar of Rheims to resist the authority of the pope over the bishops of France, 871-he grants new privileges to the church of Rome; obtains the support of pope John VIII., and is acknowledged k. of Italy and emperor of the West, 875

attempts to dispossess the sons of Louis of Germany, but is defeated at Andernach, by Louis II., Oct. 8, 876-the pope and Italian princes call on him to protect them against the Saracens; by creating hereditary benefices and titles, at the Diet of Quiercy-sur-Oise, he raises a large army, with which he marches into Italy; at Pavia, hearing that Carloman was advancing, he retreats into Savoy, and while crossing Mount Cenis dies, Oct. 13, 877.

CHARLES III., the Fat, son of Louis of Germany, b. 823-in the division of his father's kingdom, receives East France (Franconia and Swabia), 876-k. of Italy, 879-emperor of the West, 881-k. of Germany; gives up Friesland to the Danes, 882-unites France under his sceptre with Germany and Italy, 884protests against the consecration of pope Stephen VI. without his consent, 885pays the Danes to retire from the siege of Paris, 886-deposed by the German nobles, 887-d. Jan. 12, 888. CHARLES, son of John, k. of Bohemia, b. 1316-marquis of Moravia, 1330-elected k. of Germany, and crowned at Bonne as Charles IV.; escapes from the battlefield of Crecy, and inherits his father's crown, 1346-by the death of his competitor, Louis of Bavaria, he is left undisputed k. of Germany; attempts to conquer the Tyrol, but is defeated by Louis, marquis of Brandenburg, 1347detains Rienzo at Prague, and sends him to Avignon, 1351-introduces a feudal constitution in Bohemia; proceeds to Mantua, and refuses to join the league against the Visconti, 1354-crowned k. of Italy, at Milan, Jan. 6, and emperor of the West, at Rome, Apr. 5, 1355promulgates the Golden Bull, prepared by Bartolo da Sassoferrato, as the fundamental law of the Germanic constitution, 1356-treaty of Union between Bohemia and Austria, 1364- he marches into Italy, and levies contributions,_1368returns to Germany, 1369-d. at Prague, Nov. 29, 1378.

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tent; is attacked by Francis I.; they command against each other in Flanders, 1521-obtains the papacy for his former tutor, Adrian VI.; visits England, and by promises and bribes to Wolsey, engages Henry VIII. in war against France; arrives in Spain, 1522-takes the constable de Bourbon into his service, 1523-his allies jealous of his success, 1524-his generals gain the battle of Pavia, and take Francis prisoner, Feb. 24, 1525- gives his youngest sister, Katharine, in marriage to the k. of Portugal; loses the alliance of England, 1525-marries Isabella of Portugal; releases Francis, by the Treaty of Madrid, 1526-Rome stormed by his armies, 1527 -being unpaid, they subsist by plunder in Italy, and conquer Naples, 1528-he concludes treaties of peace with pope Clement VII., with Francis I., and Venice, and makes a progress through Italy, 1529-crowned at Bologna as k. of Italy, Feb. 22, 1530-and as emperor, Feb. 24-bestows the isles of Malta and Gozo, and the city of Tripoli, on the Knights Hospitallers, Mar. 23-decides the dispute between the duke of Ferrara and the popes, Dec. 21-establishes the Medici at Florence, 1530-encourages Christian II. to attempt to recover Denmark, 1531-meets the pope at Bologna, and urges him to call a general council, 1532-dissatisfied with the conference, returns to Spain, 1533-successful expedition against Tunis and Bona, 1535offers Milan to the duke of Angoulême; war with France renewed; invades Provence, loses half of his army, and retires, 1536-three months' truce with France, Nov. 14, 1537-for ten years, June 18, 1538-accidental interview with Francis at Aigues Mortes; League of Nuremberg with the Roman Catholic princes of Germany, 1538-passes through France on his way to suppress an insurrection in Flanders, 1539-taxes the Flemings, and takes away the franchises of Ghent; promises Milan to the duke of Orleans, but gives it to his own son, Philip, 1540 -holds a conference at Lucca, Sept. 10, 1541, with pope Paul III., and again urges a general council; disastrous expedition against Algiers, Oct.-Dec., 1541-renews the war with France; receives from Las Casas a protest against the cruelties practised on the native Americans, and institutes courts for their protection, 1542-reconciliation with Henry VIII., and league against France, 1543 -his league with a heretic disapproved by the pope, with whom he has an unsatisfactory interview at Busseto, June

CHARLES V.-continued.

22-takes the field against the duke of Cleves, ally and general of Francis I., 1543-defeat of his army at Ceresuola; he invades France, but suddenly concludes a peace, and abandons Henry, 1544-promises his daughter, Maria, to the duke of Orleans, with Milan for her dowry, 1545-deprives the abp. of Cologne of his states, enters into a league with the pope, and commences hostilities against the Protestants in Germany, 1546-defeats them at Mühlberg, Apr. 24, 1547-forbids the removal of the Council of Trent to Bologna, 1547-holds a Diet at Augsburg, where an Interim is prepared, that satisfies neither Protestants nor Catholics; gives the electorate of Saxony to Maurice; calls his son Philip into Germany, and gives his daughter Maria in marriage to his nephew, Maximilian, 1548-protects the princess Mary in England; forms a league with pope Julius III., and endeavours to establish his Interim by force, 1551-is surprised at Inspruck by the elector Maurice, and obliged to take to flight, and to revoke the Interim, 1552 -is driven from the siege of Metz, and leaves the French in possession of their conquests in that quarter; negotiates the marriage of Mary, qu. of England, to his son Philip, 1553-gives up Naples and Sicily to him, 1554-the Netherlands, and also Sienna, 1555-concludes a truce with France, Feb. 5, 1556-resigns Spain and its dependencies to Philip, Feb. 6, and the imperial dignity to his brother, Ferdinand, Sept.; retires to the monastery of St. Just, near Placentia, in Spain, where he celebrates his own obsequies, and soon after dies, Sept. 21, 1558. CHARLES VI., emperor of Germany. See CHARLES, archduke of Austria, and nominally CHARLES III. of Spain. - Opposes the intended congress of Utrecht, 1711-sends prince Eugene to London, to urge a continuance of the war; carries it on by himself unsuccessfully, 1712inclines to peace, 1713-adds to his dominions the Netherlands, Naples, Sardinia, and Milan, 1714-Barrier Treaty, 1715-alliance with the Southern States, to assist Venice against the Turks; prince Engene expels them from Hungary, 1716-Belgrade taken, 1717-quadruple alliance with Great Britain, France, and Holland, July 22, 1718-war with the Turks, terminated by the peace of Passarowitz, June 24-Spanish aggression in Sicily repelled; East India Company founded, at Ostend, which the Dutch oppose, 1719-Sicily united to,

Naples, 1720-his Pragmatic Sanction secures the succession in his hereditary States to his daughter, Maria Theresa, 1723-his alliance with Spain, 1725 causes imputations against him, and explanations at the Diet of Ratisbon, Apr. 7, 1727-offended by some of the articles of the treaty of Seville, collects an army in Milan, 1730-dissolves his Ostend Company, and Great Britain guarantees his Pragmatic Sanction, Mar. 5, 1731joins Russia to influence the choice of a king in Poland, 1733-war with France and Spain; campaign in Italy, and on the Rhine, 1734-peace of Vienna, Oct. 3, 1735-marriage of Maria Theresa; war with Turkey, 1736-Orsova taken by the Turks, 1738-Wallis defeated at Krotzka, July 22, 1739-peace of Belgrade, Sept. 22; Charles VI., last male of the House of Habsburg, d. Oct. 20, 1740. CHARLES VII., emperor of Germany. See CHARLES ALBERT, elector of Bavaria.Maria Theresa protests against his election, invades his States, and takes Minich, 1742-he solicits peace; she rejects the preliminaries of Hanau; he recovers Bavaria, 1744-d. Jan. 20, 1745.

CHARLES IV., the Simple, son of Louis the Stammerer, b. Sept. 17, 879-on the death of his brother, Carloman, is set aside by Charles the Fat, 881-again, by Eudes, 888-proclaimed k. of France by Fulke, bp. of Rheims; driven into Germany by Eudes, 892 Eudes relinquishes the eastern province of France to him, and recognizes his title, 896--sole king of France, 898-marries Eadgift, daughter of Edw. the Elder, k. of England, 911grants the province, afterwards called Normandy, to Rollo (Robert), 912-Robert, count of Paris, Herbert of Vermandois, and other nobles of France, conspire against him, 920-deposed, and Robert, count of Paris, elected k., 922-Charles defeats and slays Robert, at Soissons, 923-Rudolf, duke of Burgundy, k. of France; Charles put to flight, is shut up at Peronne; his queen, Eadgift, and son, Louis d'Outremer, take refuge in England, 923-d. in his captivity at Peronne, Oct. 7, 929. .

CHARLES IV., le Bel, k. of France, son of Philip IV., succeeds his brother, Philip V.; unjustly claims Navarre, is resisted by the Navarrese in the battle of Beotibata, 1322-desires Isabella of England to leave his court, 1325-d. Jan. 21, 1328. CHARLES V., the Wise, k. of France, son of John II., b. 1336-escapes, while dauphin, from the battle of Poictiers, and acts as regent during his father's captivity, 1356-rejects the treaty concluded by his

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father with Edw. III., 1357-his authority is disregarded, and France disturbed by violent commotions and insurrections, 1358-succeeds his father, 1364allows Henry de Trastamare to enlist the Companies" in his service, 1365-the nobles of Aquitaine appeal to him, 1368 --he breaks the treaty of peace, by citing the prince of Wales, 1369 -- recovers most of the provinces conquered by the English, 1370-avoids a battle with John of Gaunt, 1373-concludes a truce with England, 1374-conquers the French provinces of Charles the Bad, k. of Navarre, and takes his children prisoners, 1377 supports Clement VII. as pope, 1378-d. Sept. 16, 1380.

CHARLES VI., k. of France, b. 1369---succeeds his father, Charles V., 1380-during his minority, his uncles oppress his subjects; he releases his cousins, the family of Charles of Navarre, 1381-collects an armament at Sluys to invade England; some of his ships are captured, and the rest dispersed by a storm, 1386attacked by fits of melancholy madness; his uncles resume the government; cards are introduced for his amusement in his lucid intervals, 1392-his eldest daughter, Isabella, married to Richard II., k. of England, and a truce for twenty-five years concluded between the two countries, 1396-the French government endeavours to terminate the schism of the church, and withdraws its recognition of Benedict XIII., 1398-sends an army to besiege him in Avignon, 1399-visit of the Greek emperor, Manuel II., 1400after the death of Richard, Isabella refuses to marry the prince of Wales, and returns to her father, 1401-struggle for the regency between John, duke of Burgundy, and the duke of Orleans, 1404the latter assassinated, 1407-the former occupies Paris, and drives out the court, 1408 the Orleans party takes the name of Armagnacs; they and their adversaries both court the alliance of England, 1410-the duke of Burgundy assisted by Henry IV. with an auxiliary force, 1411 -transferred to the other side, 1412civil war rages violently, 1413-Henry V. claims the crown, and receives an insulting answer, 1414-invades France; battle of Agincourt, Oct. 15-a truce concluded, 1415-the emperor Sigismund visits Paris, 1416-the queen is imprisoned at Tours, and liberated by the duke of Burgundy, who becomes master of a great part of France, 1417-they negotiate with Henry, and obtain possession of the king's person, 1418-the duke of Burgundy assassinated, 1419

treaty of Troyes; Henry declared regent, and heir of the crown; marries Katharine, the king's youngest daughter, 1420-battle of Baugé, 1421-Charles VI. d., Oct. 22, 1422.

CHARLES VII., k. of France, son of Charles VI., b. 1403-while dauphin, joins the Orleans party, and quarrels with his mother, 1417-abets the assassination of the duke of Burgundy, 1419-is disinherited by the treaty of Troyes, 1420driven beyond the Loire by Henry V. 1421-succeeds his father on the throne, 1422-crowned at Poictiers; Henry VI., of England, proclaimed k. of France at Paris; John, duke of Bedford, regent; league with the duke of Burgundy renewed; defeat of the French, at Crevant sur Yonne, 1423-at Verneuil, Aug. 27, 1424-the duke of Britanny withdraws from the English alliance; his brother, the count de Richemont, appointed constable of France, 1425--the duke of Bedford reduces Britanny; the earl of Warwick compelled to raise the siege of Montargis, 1426-the constable de Richemont retires from court in disgust, 1427 -siege of Orleans, 1428-battle of Herrings; Joan of Arc relieves Orleans; the English defeated at Patay; Charles crowned at Rheims, July 17, 1429-Joan made prisoner at Compiègne; Henry VI. crowned at Paris, Dec. 17, 1430Joan of Arc barbarously put to death; the English power in France declines rapidly, 1431-defection of the duke of Burgundy, 1432-he obtains many concessions from Charles in the congress of Arras, 1433-treaty of alliance between them concluded, 1435-Paris recovered; siege of Calais undertaken and abandon. ed, 1436--triumphal entry of Charles into Paris, 1437-the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges annuls the pope's fiscal rights in France, 1438-revolt of the dukes of Bourbon and Alençon, and many other nobles, 1440-Charles supports the claims of Francis I., duke of Britanny, for compensation from England, and prepares to renew the war, 1448-war renewed; he and his generals conquer Normandy, 1449-the conquest completed, and Guienne invaded, 1450-the English government, under the influence of qu. Margaret, allow it to be conquered, 1451-the Gascon lords invite assistance to recover it, 1452 - Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury, sent with an inadequate force, is defeated and slain; Calais alone now remains to the English in France, 1453-hostili ties cease, without any formal treaty of peace, 1454-Charles VII. d. July 22, 1461.

CHARLES VIII., k. of France, son of Lonis XI., b. 1470-proposed marriage with Elizabeth of York, 1481 - affianced to Margaret, daughter of Maximilian of Austria, 1482-succeeds his father, under the regency of his sister, 1483. See ANNE, daughter of Louis XI. - Sends back his affianced bride to her father, and marries Anne of Britanny, by which he annexes that province to France. See ANNE of Britanny.-Henry VII. of England, and Maximilian, league against him, 1491-he makes peace with Henry, by paying 750,000 crowns, and 25,000 annually, 1492-with Maximilian, by restoring to him Artois and Franche Comté, and Cerdagne and Rousillon to Spain, 1493-sends agents into Italy, and claims the crown of Naples; Florence submits to him, 1494-enters Rome, Jan. 1, 1495 -makes a treaty with pope Alexander VII.; reaches Naples, Feb. 24; a powerful league makes him retire, May 20; reaches Rome, June 1; breaks through the allied army on the river Taro, July 6; makes a separate treaty with Lodovico Sforza, at Vercelli, Oct. 10, and returns to France; d. of apoplexy, at Amboise, Apr. 7, 1498.

CHARLES IX., k. of France, son of Henry

II., b. 1550-succeeds his brother, Francís II., Dec. 5, 1560-his mother, Katharine de Medici, regent, opposes the Guise family, 1560-he falls into their hands, and they compel him to act with theni against the Huguenots, 1561-Edict of St. Germain in favour of toleration, followed by a massacre of the Huguenots, at Vassy, Mar. 1, 1562-the civil war begins; assassination of the duke of Guise, Feb. 24, 1563-compromise of Amboise between the two parties, Mar. 19; his mother takes him through the provinces, 1564-conference with the duke of Alva, at Bayonne, to concert the extermination of the Protestants, 1565 -civil war renewed; Condé and Coligny fail in an attempt to seize the young king, 1567-peace of Longjumeau, broken in six months, 1568-defeat of the Huguenots, at Jarnac, Mar. 13, 1569-duke of Condé assassinated; Henry of Navarre becomes the head of the party;| Coligny defeated at Moncontour, Oct. 3; treaty of St. Germain en Laye, Aug. 15, 1570-marriage of Charles IX. to Isabella, daughter of the emperor Maximilian, Nov. 26; he deceives the Protestants by a pretended friendship, 1571concludes a treaty with qu. Elizabeth, Apr. 19, 1572-Jane, qu. of Navarre, is poisoned, June 10; the leading Huguenots are brought to Paris to attend the

marriage of her son Henry, to Charles'
sister, Margaret, Aug. 18; massacre of
St. Bartholomew, Aug. 24; the Protest-
ants take arms again, and save La Ro-
chelle, June 25, 1573-a fourth treaty of
peace grants them the free exercise of
their religion; they are joined by the
duke d'Alençon, and many moderate Ca-
tholics, calling themselves Politiques;
Charles IX. d. May 30, 1574.

CHARLES X., k. of France, son of the dau-
phin, Louis, and grandson of Louis XV.,
b. Oct. 9, 1757-while count d'Artois, one
of the first to emigrate; leaves Paris,
July 16, 1789-assists in collecting au
army at Coblentz and Worms, 1791-
succeeds his brother, Louis XVIII., Sept.
16, 1824-proposes an indemnity to the
emigrants, who had lost their property;
acknowledges the independence of Haiti,
1825-accedes to the treaty for the paci-
fication of Greece, 1826-his ministers
fail in an attempt to restrain the liberty
of the press; dissolution of the Chamber
of Deputies; seventy-six new peers cre-
ated, 1827-hostilities commence against
Algiers. See ALGIERS.-Change of mi-
nisters; Martignac takes the place of
De Villele, 1828-fall of his ministry;
De Polignac called from London to form
a new cabinet; ultra-royalists and priests
rule the government, 1829-the Cham-
ber of Deputies votes an address hostile
to the Polignac ministry, Mar. 16, 1830
-prorogued, 19; dissolved, May 16; is
induced by his ministers to dissolve the
new Chamber before it meets, July 21;
signs and publishes unconstitutional or-
dinances, July 25; journals suppressed,
26; popular disturbances; the three days'
war of the barricades in Paris, July 27
to 29; Charles X. abdicates, Aug. 2; is
conducted to Cherbourg by commissaries
of the provisional government, 4; em-
barks with his family for England, 16;
arrives, 17; his late ministers brought
to trial, and sentenced to imprisonment
for life, Dec. 21; liberated and banished
from France, Oct. 17, 1836-Charles X. d.
at Goritz, in Austria, Nov. 4.
CHARLES I., king of Great Britain, son of
James I., b. Nov. 19, 1600 - becomes
prince of Wales by the death of his bro-
ther, Henry, Nov. 6, 1612-visits Madrid
to treat for his marriage with a Spanish
princess-the treaty broken off, 1620-
auother set on foot with Henrietta Maria,
daughter of Henry IV., and sister of
Louis XIII. of France, 1621.

He succeeds his father, March 27, 1625 -marries Henrietta Maria, May 1--quarrels with his first parliament, which is dissolved, Aug. 12-alliance with France

CHARLES I., K. of Great Britain-continued. -his fleet refuses to act against the Protestants-is crowned, Feb. 2, 1626-his second parliament impeaches Buckingham, and is dissolved, June 11. See COMMONS, House of.-He endeavours to obtain supplies by arbitrary impositions, 1626-his measures resisted, 1627-engages in a war against France-Buckingham attacks the Isle de Rhé, 1627royal assent given to the Petition of Right, 1628-Buckingham assassinated -Charles dissolves his third parliament, and governs without one, 1629.

Peace concluded with France, 1629; with Spain, 1630-Strafford prime minister-the king resorts to violent expedients for obtaining money, and sends the marquis of Hamilton with an auxiliary force to assist in recovering the palatinate, 1630-revives monopolies, sells patents and privileges to new companies, and imposes a stamp on cards, 1631gives extended jurisdiction to the council of York-renews the orders of Elizabeth and James for the nobility and landed proprietors to reside on their estates in the country, 1632-patronizes Vandyke, 1633-visits Scotland-is crowned, June 18-holds a parliament, and obtains supplies, and Acts favourable to episcopacy; makes Laud archbp. of Canterbury--republishes his father's Book of Sports, 1633.

Writ for levying ship-money, 1634Star Chamber persecutions, 1635-the obsolete forest laws enforced opposi

tion to ship-money, by Hampden, 1636 --severities of the Star Chamber against Prynne and others - judgment given against Hampden; he, with Pym, Oliver Cromwell, and several more, attempt to emigrate, and are prevented, 1637 failure of the attempt to force the Liturgy on Scotland-the king gives way to the Covenant, 1638-threatens to oppose the French and Dutch in Flanders -advances to Berwick against the Covenanters pacification of Dunse, June 17-he is forced to disband his army, 1639.

A parliament assembled, April 13, 1640 -it complains of grievances, votes no supplies, and is dissolved, May 5- the Scotch enter England, Aug. 20-defeat Conway at Newburn, 28; and occupy Newcastle-the king goes to York, 29; and holds a council of peers, Sept. 24the Long Parliament meets, Nov. 3-impeaches Strafford, 11; and Laud, Dec. 18-the lord keeper, Finch, escapes to Holland, and the secretary, Windebank, to France, 1640-the king adopts conciliatory measures, 1641-gives his as

sent to the Act for triennial parliaments, Feb. 16-abolishes the Star Chamberassents to the execution of Strafford, May 11-visits Scotland, from August to November-the Irish rebellion breaks out, Sept. 23-parliament meets, Oct. 20.

The king attempts to seize lord Kimbolton and five members of the House of Commons, Jan. 4, 1642-leaves London, 10-arrives at York, and attempts to levy tonnage and poundage by proclamation, Mar. 19-Sir John Hotham refuses to admit him into Hull, April 23 he countermands the order of the parliament for calling out the militia, May 5-sets up the royal standard at Nottingham, Aug. 22-Essex collects the parliamentary army at Northamp ton, Sept. 2-battle of Edgehill, Oct. 23 -advances towards London, in November, but retires, and takes up his winter quarters at Oxford, 1642.

The civil war rages throughout England, 1643-battle near Gloucester, lord Herbert defeated, March 23- at Bramham Moor, lord Fairfax defeated, 29

Reading surrenders to Essex, April 26 the earl of Stamford defeated at Stratton, May 16- the royalist general, Goring, taken at Wakefield, 21Taunton and Bridgewater surrender to the parliament, June 5- the Scotch League and Covenant adopted by the parliament, June 15-Hampden wounded at Chalgrove, 18; d. 24-lord Fairfax defeated on Atherton Moor, June 29; sir Wm. Waller, at Lansdown, July 5; and at Roundway Down, 13-prince Rupert takes Bristol, 25-the king besieges Gloucester, which is relieved by the earl of Essex, Sept. 5-victory of Cromwell and sir Thomas Fairfax at Horncastlefirst battle of Newbury, 20-the king retires to Oxford-Pym d., Dec. 8.

The Scotch army enters England, Jan. 19, 1644-the king calls parliament at Oxford, 22; and dismisses it, April 16— retires from Oxford, May 22-prince Rupert totally defeated at Marston Moor, July 3-York surrenders to the parliament, 5-the queen embarks for France, 14-Essex's army surrenders in Cornwall, Sept. 2-second battle of Newbury, Oct. 27-the king retreats to Wallingford, recovers his artillery, and returns to Oxford, Nov. 1-makes overtures to the parliament, who send commissioners with high demands-both parties agree to treat at Uxbridge, Nov. 1644.

The peers assent with reluctance to Laud's attainder, Jan. 4, 1645-he is beheaded,10-negotiations carried on,without result, at Uxbridge, from Jan. 30 to

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