CRISPINUS, Consul of Rome, 187-another, 224.

CRISPINUS, C. Clodius, consul of Rome, 113. CRISPINUS, L. Quinctius, consul of Rome, 44 II.

CRISPO, Francis, assassinates the duke of Naxos, Nicholas III., and seizes the duchy, 1381-d. 1414.

CRISPO, James IV., the last duke, expelled by the Turks, 1566.

CRISPUS, Son of the emperor Constantine,

b. 300-receives the title of Cæsar, 317educated by Lactantius, 317-watches the Franks on the frontier of the Rhine, 319-gains his first victory against them, and the Allemanni, 320-a naval victory over the fleet of Licinius, in the Hellespont, 323-put to death by his father on false accusations, 326.

CRISPUS, brother of the emperor Claudius II. See CLAUDIA.

CRISPUS. See PRISCUS.

CRITIAS, Athenian archon, B.C. 604 (594 H.) CRITOLAUS, the philosopher, sent on an embassy from Athens to Rome, B.C. 155. CROATIA, conquered by Coloman, k. of Hungary, 1102-ceded to Bela, brother of Stephen IV., 1164-recovered by Bela III., 1181-Charles Robert, son of Charles Martel, proclaimed k. there, 1300-invaded by the Turks, 1469, 70, 76, 1521— united with Hungary to Austria, 1526. CROCODILE, fossil remains. See DODD

RIDGE.

CROCYNAS, Olympic victor, B.C. 404. CRESUS, Son of Alyattes, k. of Lydia, b. B.C. 595-succeeds his father, 560-solicits the aid of Greece against Cyrus, 555 -conquered by him, 546.

CROFT, Sir Herbert, b. 1751-d. 1816.
CROFT, Sir Richard, attends the accouche-

ment of the princess Charlotte of Wales, Nov. 6, 1817-commits suicide, Feb. 14, 1818.

CROKER, Thomas Crofton, b. 1797-d. 1854. CROMWELL, Elizabeth, daughter of Rich

ard, and grand-daughter of Oliver, b. 1649 -d. 1731.

CROMWELL, Henry, second surviving son of Oliver, b. 1627-lieutenant of Ireland, 1657-submits to the parliament, June 22, 1659-d. Mar. 24, 1674. CROMWELL, Oliver, b. 1599-declaims in the House of Commons against Arminianism, 1629-intends to emigrate to America, and is prevented, 1637-distinguishes himself in a battle at Horncastle, 1643also at Marston Moor, July 2, 1644, and at Naseby, June 14, 1645-assists in taking Bristol, Sept. 10, 1645-heads the Independents, rules the army, and refuses to lay down his arms, 1647-defeats a rising of the royalists in Wales,

under col. Langhorne, May 8, 1648 -another, at Preston, under Sir Marmaduke Langdale and Sir Philip Musgrove, Aug. 17-marches to Edinburgh, and puts down all resistance in Scotland-returns to England with his army, Nov. 20 comes to London, and receives the thanks of the Commons, Dec. 7 -lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Aug. 16, 1649-takes Drogheda, and massacres the garrison, Sept. 11-returns from Ireland, and resides in St. James's palace, May 31, 1650-passes the Tweed, July 22-victorious at Dunbar, Sept. 3-takes Edinburgh castle, Dec. 24-crosses the Forth, takes Perth, and advances to the north, July 31, 1651-pursues Chas. II. into England-overtakes him, Aug. 28 -battle of Worcester, Sept. 3-Hampton Court, and a large estate, voted to him by the Commons, Sept. 12-marches a file of musqueteers into the House of Commons, takes the mace from the table, pulls the Speaker out of the chair, dismisses the members, and locks the doors, Apr. 20, 1653-by his own summons, collects the assembly or council, called "Barebones' Parliament," July 4-the council of officers draw up "The Instrument," and appoint him" Lord Protector," Dec. 16-Louis XIV. of France treats for an alliance with him, and all his demands are conceded by the United Provinces-he stipulates that the prince of Orange shall not be appointed statholder, 1654-a new parliament meets, Sept. 4-Fleetwood marries his daughter; the parliament refuses to make the Protectorate hereditary; death of his mother, Nov. 17-dissolves the par liament, Jan. 22, 1655-makes war on Spain-Jamaica taken, May 3-sends out a fleet under Blake, which commands the Mediterranean; obtains redress from the grand duke of Tuscany; compels Algiers and Tunis to give up their English captives and desist from piracy; subjects the press in England to a licenser; imprisons Vane, Bradshaw, and other leading republicans; a Spanish fleet destroyed by Blake near Cadiz, Sept. 1656-summons a new House of Commons-they pass an Act, making it treason to attempt his life, Oct. 27-debate on offering him the title of kingdetection of Syndercombe's plot to assassinate him, Jan. 19, 1657-treaty of alliance with France against Spain, Mar. 23-the crown offered to him-his officers petition him not to accept it-he finally refuses it, May 8-a Spanish fleet destroyed by Blake in the harbour of Santa Cruz, April 20; marriage of the

CROMWELL, Oliver-continued.

Protector's youngest daughter to Mr. Rich, a grandson of the earl of Warwick, Nov. 11-and of his daughter Mary, to viscount Faulconbridge, Nov. 17-creates a new House of Lords, Dec. 11-assembles the Houses, and opens their proceedings by a speech, Jan. 20, 1658-dissolves them, Feb. 4-a plot against him discovered, Mar. 17-sends a force to co-operate with the French in Flanders; they defeat the Spaniards in the battle of the Dunes, June 14-Dunkirk surrenders, and is given up to the English-projects the partition of the Spanish Netherlands with France; attacked by illness, at Hampton Court, Aug. 12-removes to Whitehall, where he d., Sept. 3, 1658 buried with great pomp in Henry VII.'s chapel, Nov. 23-his body removed, exposed on the gibbet at Tyburn, and buried there, Jan. 30, 1661. CROMWELL, Oliver, a lineal descendant of the Protector, b. 1742-d. 1821. CROMWELL, Richard, eldest living son of Oliver, b. 1622-appointed Protector, 1658 -dissolves the parliament, Apr. 22, 1659 -withdraws to Hampton Court, and ceases to exercise authority; the government still carried on in his name; he submits to the parliament, and receives a pension, May 25, 1659-retires to France, 1660 -returns to England, and leads a quiet life till his death, at Cheshunt, 1712. CROMWELL, Susan, the last of the Protector's family, b. 1744-d. 1834. CROMWELL, Thomas, defends cardinal Wolsey in the House of Commons, 1529-secretary of State, 1534-vicar-general; conducts a general visitation of the monasteries, 1535-made a peer; promotes the marriage of Henry VIII. to Anne of Cleves, 1539-falls into disgrace, is attainted, and executed, July 28, 1540. CRONSLOT, or Cronstadt, fortified by the czar Peter, 1704 the Russian Baltic fleet collected under the protection of its forts, June 12, 1853.

CROPREDY BRIDGE, near Banbury; battle

of; Sir W. Waller defeated by the royal army, June 29, 1644.

CROSBIE, Sir Edward, executed as concern

ed in the Irish rebellion, June 4, 1798. CROSBY, Brass, lord mayor of London, committed to the Tower by the House of Commons, Mar. 26, 1771-a silver cup presented to him by the common council, Jan. 22, 1772.

CROSBY HALL, Bishopsgate, palace of Richard, duke of Gloucester, 1480-restored, 1836.

CROTCH, Wm., M.D., b. 1775-d. 1847. CROTONA, a town in Italy, founded by the

CROTOPUS, K. of Argos, B.C. 1507 (1480 C.) CROWLAND ABBEY. See CROYLAND. CROWN POINT, taken by gen. Johnson, Aug. 8, 1755-again taken by the English, Aug. 1, 1759 - surprised by the American colonists, May 17, 1775. CROWN AND SCEPTRE of Scotland brought to London by Edw. I., 1296. CROYA seized by Scanderbeg, 1443—Amurath I., 1447.

CROYDON CANAL commenced, 1801-railway from London opened, June 1, 1839-to Epsom, May 17, 1847. See HARRIS. CROYLAND, or Crowland, an island in the ancient estuary of the Wash, where Ethelbald, k. of Mercia, having been sheltered in the hermitage of Guthlac, founds an abbey, 718- Felix writes its history, 730-plundered by the Danes, 869-restored, and a peal of bells introduced by the chancellor Thurcytel, 945 -he endows it, and becomes its abbot, 948-Ingulf, abbot, writes its history,

1075.

CRUCIFIXION OF JESUS, assigned to various dates-to

29, Mar. 25, by Lactantius and many ancients-by Clinton among moderns. 30, by Africanus.

31, by Prosper's Chronicle and Epiphanius, who are followed by Hales. 32, Mar. 24, by the Paschal Chronicle. 33, Apr. 3, by Eusebius-the date approved by Usher and Blair, and now generally adopted.

CRUDEN, Alexander, b. 1701-d. 1770. CRUIKSHANK, George, b. 1794. CRUNNUS, k. of Bulgaria. See Bulgaria. CRUS, L. Cornelius Lentulus, consul of Rome, ordered by a decree of the senate to see that the republic receives no detriment, B.C. 49.

CRUSADE, the first prepared by the pilgrimage of Siegfried and other bishops, 1064-pope Gregory VII. suggests the idea, 1074-preached by Peter the hermit by order of Urban II.-great excitement at the councils of Placentia, March 1, and of Clermont, Nov. 18, 1095-the first sets out, 1096. See CRUSADERS.-A new crusade urged by pope Pascal II., 1107 -pope Eugenius III. employs Bernard to preach another, 1146-the second crusade undertaken by the emperor Conrad III., Louis VII. of France, and duke Guelf of Bavaria,1147-they totally fail and return, 1148. See BERNARD.- Another, urged by pope Alexander III., 1180preached in France, 1185-the third,

CRUSADE-Continued. commenced by the emperor Frederic I., 1189-Richard I. of England, and Philip Augustus of France follow, 1190. See CRUSADERS.-Fulk of Neuilly employed by pope Innocent III. to preach a fourth crusade. 1198--preparations for it, 1201 -Boniface of Montferrat chosen general; departure of the fleet from Venice, Oct. 2, 1202. See CRUSADERS.-Innocent exacts from the emperor Frederic II. a promise to undertake a crusade, 1215— pope Honorius III. requires Andrew II. of Hungary to begin the fifth, 1217-requires Frederic to perform his promise, 1220. See ANDREW II.-The emperor pledges himself to proceed on the crusade within two years, 1223- obtains another delay of two years, 1225-is again vehemently urged by pope Gregory IX.-he embarks, but soon again lands, and is excommunicated for it, 1227 -finally embarks on the sixth crusade; when he is again excommunicated, and a crusade proclaimed against him in his Italian States by the pope, 1228. See CRUSADERS.-The seventh crusade originated by pope Innocent IV. at the council of Lyons; Louis IX. of France pledges his nobles against their will to join it, 1245-they depart, and winter in Cyprus, 1248. See CRUSADERS.-The eighth and last crusade projected by Louis, 1267-preached by the papal legate to the English parliament at Northampton, 1269-Louis, prince Edward of England, and Charles, king of Naples, proceed, 1270. See CRUSADERS.-Gregory X. urges the emperor Rudolf to another, 1275-Nicholas IV. vainly endeavours to arouse Europe to another, 1291 -Boniface VIII. appoints James II. of Arragon to command it, 1297-pope Clement V. urges a general crusade, 1306pope Callistus III. fails to organize one against the Turks, 1456.

CRUSADE. See ALBIGENSES, APULIA, COLONNA family, and PRUSSIA. CRUSADERS, four bands of, depart for Palestine, led by Peter the hermit, Walter de Pexejo, Walter the Penny less, the priest Gottschalk, and William the Carpenter; most of them perish in Hungary and Bulgaria, some return, some pass the Bosphorus, and are massacred by Kilidsch Arslan, 1096-a regular military force proceeds under Godfrey de Bouillon, duke of Lorraine, Hugh de Vermandois, Raymond of Toulouse, Stephen of Chartres, Bohemond, prince of Tarentum, and his cousin Tancred, Robt. count of Flanders, Robert, duke of Normandy, and Godfrey's brothers Eustace

and Baldwin, 1096-the emperor, Alex-. ius Comnenus, suspicious of them, obtains from their chiefs an oath of fealty, 1097-they conquer Nicaea, June 20 gain the battle of Dorylæum, July 4. See BALDWIN, count of Hainault.--Besiege Antioch, Oct. 21-it surrenders, June 3, 1098-they defeat Kerboga, June 28-besiege Jerusalem, June 7, 1099.take it, July 15. See GODFREY of Bouillon, and JERUSALEM, kingdom of.-Defeat the Fatimite army from Egypt, at Ascalon, Aug. 12-a large reinforcement sets out under Anselm, archbp. of Milan, the bp. of Pavia, and Count Albert of Biandrate, 1100-another is led by Guelf, duke of Bavaria, and William, duke of Aquitain; their united forces are met by Kilidsch Arslan, and are all cut to pieces or dispersed; Anselm d. at Constantinople, and Guelf in Cyprus, 1101-Erik, k. of Denmark, sets out, 1103--d. in Cyprus, 1105-Bohemond stipulates with Alexius for a free passage for all crusaders by land, 1108. See BOHEMOND, son of Robert Guiscard.-Tyre taken by them, 1124-Edessa by the Turks, 1144-defeated by Noureddin, near the Orontes, 1149-Damascus taken by him, 1153Jerusalem by Saladin, 1187-Acre surrenders to the leaders of the third crusade, 1191- they defeat Saladin at. Arsouf, and take Joppa and Ascalon; conclude a treaty with Saladin, and leave Palestine, 1192-the fourth crusaders take Zara, and winter in Dalmatia; Innocent threatens to excommunicate them; are urged to restore Isaac Angelus, 1202-his son Alexius joins them, they take Constantinople, July 8, 1203-again, April 9, 1204. See CONSTANTINOPLE, and LATIN EMPIRE of the East. The fifth crusaders are led by John de Brienne into Egypt, where they take the port and outworks of Damietta, 1218-take the city, and threaten Cairo, 1219 the legate Pelagius makes them reject favourable terms of peace offered by the sultan, 1220-he overrules the advice of John de Brienne; the Christian army is totally ruined, and Damietta given up, 1221-the sixth crusaders under the emperor Frederic II., land at Acre; the knights Hospitallers and Templars are forbidden, by the pope, to join them; Jerusalem and other cities are restored to them by the sultan, and Frederic hastens back to recover the States, which the papal crusaders had taken from him in his absence, 1229the seventh crusaders land in Egypt, and take Damietta, 1249-are defeated at Mansourah, April 5, 1250-are made

CRUSADERS-continued.

prisoners, restore Damietta, bind themselves to cease hostilities, and retire to Acre-Louis returns to France, 1254leads the eighth crusaders against Tunis, and d. there of the plague; his fleet wrecked and plundered by Charles of Sicily, 1270-the English, under prince Edward, relieve Acre, and take Nazareth, 1271-conclude a truce with Bibars for ten years, and leave Palestine, 1272-Acre, Beyrout, and Tyre, the last remnant of the crusaders' conquests, taken from them by Chalil, 1291. CRYSTAL PALACE, in Hyde Park, commenced, Sept. 22, 1850. See EXHIBITION, the Grand.-Purchased by the Brighton Railway Company, May 13, 1852; reerected at Sydenham, Aug. 5-leave obtained to place Cleopatra's needle there, Nov. 9-opened by the queen, June 10, 1854.

CRYSTAL PALACE, the Parisian, ordered to be erected in the Champs Elysées, March 30, 1852-the building commenced, Sept. 6. See EXHIBITION of Paris. CTESIAS, a Greek, made prisoner by the Persians at the battle of Cunaxa, resides at the court of Artaxerxes Muemon, B.C. 401-writes his History, which terminates at 398-leaves the court of Artaxerxes, 384.

CTESICLES, Athenian archon, B.C. 334. CTESIPHON, built by the Parthian Arsacidæ about B.C. 150-taken by Trajan, A.D. 116-again taken by the generals of M. Aurelius and Verus, 165-taken by Sept. Severus, 198-made by Artaxerxes, the capital of the new Persian empire, 226-taken by Odenathus, 264by Carus, 283-threatened by Heraclius, 627-plundered by the Saracen Said, and thenceforth deserted, 637.

CTISTES. See MITHRIDATES. CUBA discovered by Columbus, 1492-the Dutch admiral, Hein, captures a richly laden Spanish fleet off, 1628-conquered by lord Albemarle and admiral Pococke, 1762-enterprises of American adventurers against, prohibited by president Taylor, Aug. 11, 1849 they persist, under general Lopez, land, May 17, 1850 -fail and retire, 25-an attempted revolution under Aguero; the Spanish troops defeated; independence declared, July 4, 1851-Lopez returns; general Enna killed, Aug. 17-the insurgents defeated; Lopez hanged, Sept. 1-the other invaders expelled, 7.

CUBITT, Mr., the architect of the Crystal Palace, knighted, Oct. 1851.

CUBLAI. See KUBLAI.

CUCUSUS. See CHRYSOSTOM.

CUDDALORE, the siege of, abandoned by the English, on the conclusion of peace with France, 1783.

CUDWORTH, R., b. 1617—d. 1688. CUFA, a city founded by the Saracens out of the ruins of Ctesiphon, 637-revolts against the caliph Othman, 655. CUICHELM, son of Cynegils, king of Wessex. See BEANDUNE.-Is baptized, and d. 636. CUJACIUS, the French jurist, d. 1590. CULEN, K. of Scotland, 965-970. CULLEN, Dr. William, b. 1712-d. 1790. CULLEN'S WOOD, near Dublin, the scene of a frightful massacre of English people, by some wild Irish, Mar. 30, 1209. CULLODEN, battle of; the Pretender defeated by the duke of Cumberland, Apr.

16, 1746.

CULMBACH. See BRANDENBURG, and AL

BERT.

CUME, an ancient city of Italy, taken by Narses, 553- destroyed by an earthquake, 1538.

CUMANS, COMANS, KOMANS or KUMANS, an Asiatic tribe, arrive in Europe and harass the Russians, 1055-repelled by the Hungarians, 1091-some are allowed by Stephen II. to settle in Hungary, 1120in alliance with the Russians are totally defeated and dispersed by the Mongols in the battle of the Kalka, June 16, 1224 the fugitives are received in Hungary by Bela IV., 1239-are converted to Christianity by Ladislas III., 1279are greatly favoured by him, so that he has the surname of the Cuman-but at last offends some, by whom he is assassinated, 1290.

CUMBERLAND, named from the united British Cymri, who occupy it, 586granted by Edmund I. as a fief to Malcolm I., king of Scotland, 945-Canute exacts the Danegeld for it from Malcolm II., 1031-taken from Malcolm Canmore by William the Conqueror- and restored to him (except Carlisle) on his doing homage, 1072-resigned to Henry II. by William the Lion, after his defeat and captivity at Alnwick, 1175-finally annexed to England by Henry III., 1237. CUMBERLAND, Ernest Augustus, (afterwards) duke of, fifth son of George III., b. June 5, 1771-created a peer, April 23, 1792-attacked and wounded, May 31, 1810 marries Frederica Caroline, widow of the prince of Salms-Braunfels, Aug. 29, 1815-a parliamentary grant on his marriage, refused, July 11, 1815 and April 13, 1818-birth of his son, Geo. Frederic, (now k. of Hanover), May 27, 1819 becomes k. of Hanover, June 20, 1837. See ERNEST AUGUSTUS, k. of Ha

nover.

CUMBERLAND, Henry Frederic, (afterwards) duke of, fourth son of Frederic, prince of Wales, b. Nov. 7, 1745-is amerced in £10,000 damages, to lord Grosvenor, for crim. con., 1770-marries lady Anne Horton, daughter of lord Irnham, Oct. 4, 1771-received at court for the first time after, June 15, 1780d. Sept. 18, 1790.

CUMBERLAND, William Augustus, duke of, second son of George Augustus, prince of Wales, afterwards George II., b. April, 1721-serves under sir John Norris, 1740 -at the battle of Dettingen, 1743-takes the command of the allied army in Flanders, April 9-is defeated by marshal de Saxe at Fontenoy, 30, 1745-returns from the Netherlands with part of his army, to oppose the young Pretenderarrives at Lichfield; Carlisle surrenders to him, Dec. 30-gains the battle of Culloden, April 16-arrives at Edinburgh, 1746-the Commons vote £40,000 a year to him, May 14-defeated by Marshal Saxe at Laffeld, June 20, 1747-commands the allied army in Hanover, 1757

allows the French, under marshal D'Estrées, to pass the Weser, July 10-is defeated by him at Hartenbeck, 25-he capitulates at Closter Seven, Sep. 8resigns his commissions, Oct. 11-d. Oct. 13, 1765.

CUMBERLAND, Richard, b. 1731, d. 1811. CUMRHI. See CIMMERIANS, CIMBRI, and CYMRI.

CUNAXA, battle of; Cyrus the younger defeated and slain in his rebellion against his brother Artaxerxes Mnemon, B.C. 401.

CUNEGONDA, of Luxemburg, queen of Henry II. of Germany, 1004. CUNEGONDA. See GUNHILD. CUNEGONDA, Sister of Guelf, count of Carinthia, first wife of Albert Azzo II., marquis of Lombardy, and mother of Guelf IV., the progenitor of the Brunswick family, 1047.

CUNERSDORF, battle of, Frederic, king of Prussia, defeated by the Russian gen. Soltikow, and the Austrian marshal Laudohn, Aug. 12, 1579. CUNIBERT, Son of Bertaridus, reigns jointly with his father over Lombardy, 678becomes sole king, 688-quells the rebellion of Alachis, duke of Trent and Brescia, 690-d. 700.

CUNIMUND, K. of the Gepidæ, falls in battle against the Longobardi, 567. CUNNINGHAM, Allan, b. 1786-d. 1842. CURACOA, taken by the Dutch, 1634taken from them by the British, 1807. CURDISTAN. See KURDISTAN. CURETON, general, slain in a battle against

the Sikhs, on the river Chenab, Nov. 22, 1848,

CURFEW-BELL, introduced by William I., 1068.

CURIO, C. Scribonius, consul of Rome, B.C. 76 succeeds Ap. Claudius Pulcher in Macedon, 75.

CURRAN, John Philpot, b. 1750-opposes the Union in the Irish House of Commons, 1800--d. 1817.

CURRENCY ACT, Peel's. See BANK OF ENG

LAND.

CURRY, admiral, b. 1772-d. 1855. CURSOR, L. Papirius, consul of Rome, B.C. 333-dictator; threatens to punish Qu. Fabius for gaining a victory in his absence, 325-dictator II. 309.

CURSOR, L. Papirius, consul of Rome; places the first sun-dial at, on the temple of Quirinus, B.C. 293-consul II. 272. CURSOR, L. Papirius, consul of Rome, B.C. 324; II.320; III. 319; IV. 315; V. 313. CURTIS, Sir Roger, assists in defending Gibraltar, Sept. 13, 1782.

CURTIS, Sir William, b. 1752; sheriff of

London, 1788; lord mayor, 1795-d. 1829. CURTIS, William, the botanist, b. 1746-d.

1799.

CURUBIS. See CYPRIAN, bp. of Carthage. CURULE, Edile, the office of, created, B.C. 366. See FLAVIUS, Cn.

CURVUS, L. Fulvius, consul of Rome, B.C.

322.

CURWEN, W. C., b. 1756; long M.P. for Cumberland-d. 1828.

CURZOLA, an island of Dalmatia, naval battle of; the Venetian fleet, under Andrea Dandolo, destroyed by the Genoese, under Lamba Doria, Sept. 8, 1298. See POLO, Marco.

CUSHAN, K. of Mesopotamia, conquers the Israelites, B.C. 1413 (1565 H., 1558 C.) CUST, Sir John, chosen Speaker of the House of Commons, Nov. 3, 1761 — resigns, Jan. 17, 1770-d. Jan. 22. CUSTINE, general, takes Spires, Worms, and Mentz, 1792- the last retaken by the Prussians, July 22, 1793-he is executed for its loss, Aug. 28.

CUSTOMS, consolidation of the, by William Pitt, Feb. 26, 1787.

CUSTOMS' Duties Bill (Sir R. Peel's) receives the royal assent, June 26, 1846.

CUSTOM-HOUSE, London, the first, built, 1559; burnt, and rebuilt, 1718; burnt, Feb. 12, 1814-the new edifice opened, May 12, 1817-the floor of the Long Room there gives way, Jan. 26, 1825. CUSTRIN, & Prussian fortress, taken by the Russians, 1758-occupied by the French, 1808.

CUTHA, brother of Ceawlin, k. of Wessex,