library fully 25,000 volumes are gathered, including collections in the Greek and Latin classics, epigraphy, and archæology, unsurpassed in America, and continually enlarged by fresh accessions from abroad. The Museum occupies a hall similar to that of the library, and possesses extensive collections in natural history. In the eastern range of buildings, and reached by a stone stairway ascending in a round tower, is the Convocation Hall, wainscoted, lighted from stained windows, and over-arched by a timber roof which rests on richly-carved corbels of Caen stone. Two spire-capped towers rise over this line, in one of which is a portal adorned with exquisitely-carved Norman chevrons. The western range of buildings is devoted to dormitories for the students, and terminates at the circular structure of the laboratory. The length of the three fronts is nearly 1,000 feet; and the cost of the edifice exceeded £100,000. In 1827 King William IV. endowed this institution with 226,000 acres of land, from which a considerable revenue is now derived. The buildings of the Provincial Observatory, the School of Practical Science, and the School of Medicine are in the University park. Although not yet twenty-five years old, the college seems to have descended from the days of William of Wykeham, so perfectly has the sentiment of antique art been comprehended and adapted by its builder. Citizens who remember the time when the site of this great conventual pile was occupied only by the primeval forest, can scarcely realise how so remarkable a change has been brought about in a single generation, replacing the savagery of Canadian thickets by such high finish and order, such genuineness, grandeur, and long-settled repose.

The Provincial Observatory was founded in 1840 by the British Crown, which for many years maintained here an officer and four men of the Royal Artillery. Three or four observers are now stationed there. Toronto is in longitude 79° 21′ 5′′ W., and latitude 43° 39′ 4′′-nearly on the same parallel with Marseilles and Florence. Its average summer temperature is 67.8°, or 3° higher than that of Paris, and 6° lower than that of Rome. The average winter temperature is 24.5°, which is 6° warmer than that of St. Petersburg. The degrees of heat in summer and of cold in winter greatly exceed those. of the equable climate of the British Islands, and the changes of temperature are much more rapid and radical.

The charming elm-studded park in which Trinity College stands occupies twenty acres, and was formerly known as Gore Vale, the estate of the Camerons. Through it flow the placid waters of Garrison Creek, which, it has been prophesied, will hereafter "be regarded as the Cephissus of a Canadian Academus, the Cherwell of an infant Christ Church." On the bluff once stood a block-house, commanding the western approach to York, and connected with the garrison by a patrol-road. Trinity College was founded by Bishop Strachan, thirty years ago, in the interest of the Church of England, and occupies a long line of handsome stone buildings, embellished with the numerous gables and turrets of the Pointed architecture of the fifteenth century. From this point a broad view is afforded over the harbour and lake.

Knox College, a modern Presbyterian institution, with an efficient corps of instructors, is within a short distance of the University, and occupies a long and picturesque Gothic building, beautifully situated in a circular expansion of Spadina Avenue, and adorned with a conspicuous Victoria tower. Looking from the harbour up this grand avenue, 160 feet

wide, the façade of the college closes the vista with imposing effect. Dr. Baldwin, who laid out this thoroughfare (three miles long), and named it in honour of his adjacent mansion, came to Toronto eighty years ago, and, acquiring great wealth, resolved to found a family of distinction, enriched by the revenues of entailed estates. There should always be a Baldwin of Spadina; but his son was the statesman who carried through the Canadian Legislature the bill abolishing the rights of primogeniture.

Upper Canada College was founded in 1829 by Sir John Colborne, then Governor of the Province. He had previously been Governor of Guernsey (in the Channel Islands), where he re-established Elizabeth College. Sir John also gave the name of Sarnia, by which Guernsey was known in classic times, to a new hamlet near Lake St. Clair, which has since become a flourishing port. For his college he secured the services of five reverend gentlemen from Cambridge and Oxford, and an endowment of 66,000 acres of land. The institution occupies a group of antique and homely brick buildings, near the centre of the city, but somewhat secluded from the streets. It has about a dozen instructors. The Provincial Normal and Model Schools occupy a handsome Palladian building, with a large hall, and some smaller edifices, including the Educational Museum, with its Flemish and Italian paintings and casts from ancient statuary. The surrounding public gardens cover nearly eight acres; and but a little way off are the Horticultural Gardens, famous throughout Upper Canada. In addition to the various colleges elsewhere spoken of, Toronto has three considerable schools of medicine, furnishing the disciples of the art of healing for all Western Canada. In the building of the College of Technology, near the cathedral, are the halls and reading-rooms of the Mechanics' Institute, an association now more than half a century old. There are upwards of 8,000 volumes in its library.

Queen's Park adjoins the park of the University, and has been leased to the municipality for 999 years. It is a beautiful domain of fifty acres, adorned with a profusion of flowers and shrubbery, and but little more than a mile from the centre of the city. Near its entrance stands a bronze statue of Queen Victoria (designed by Marshal Wood), at whose foot are two trophy cannon from Inkerman and Sebastopol. When Lord. Dufferin bade farewell to Toronto, in 1878, 20,000 people assembled in Queen's Park to do him honour, and the entire domain was brilliantly illuminated at night, while the Tenth Royals, the Queen's Own, and the Artillery corps enlivened the scene with their uniforms and the music of their bands. Near the shore of a pretty lakelet stands a brown-stone monument, with a colossal marble statue of Britannia on its summit, and four marble statues in niches, commemorating the volunteers who died during the Irish invasion of the Dominion. In the summer of 1866 large bodies of armed Fenians threatened Canada from various points inside the American frontier, and at last a force of over 1,000 men crossed the Niagara river, and entrenched itself on the heights of Lime-ridge. Canada had 40,000 volunteers in the field, covering her exposed borders, and two columns at once hastened against the invaders. The weaker of these, numbering but 900 men, and mainly composed of the Queen's Own Regiment, the flower of the youth of Toronto, came into collision with the Fenian forces, and, after a gallant skirmish, was thrown into confusion by the unskilful conduct of the commander, and broke into a panic-stricken

retreat. On the same day the invading mob fell back to the Niagara, pursued by British infantry, and crossed into the United States by night.

A little way westward of College Avenue is Beverley House, once the home of Sir John Robinson, and afterwards of Lord Sydenham, Governor-General of the Canadas in 1839-41. Opposite stood Caer-Howell, the estate of Chief Justice Powell. Near by is the mansion in which was born Colonel Dunn, who received the Victoria Cross for gallant conduct at Balaclava, in the ill-fated but glorious cavalry charge, and who died in Abyssinia, during the campaign against King Theodore. The next estate was long the home of Colonel Fitzgibbon, who, after many campaigns, became one of the Military Knights at Windsor Castle. Farther westward was the Bellevue estate, originally the home of Major Littlehales, a distinguished military officer and explorer, and afterwards pertaining to the martial family of Denison, one of whose members has written the best extant treatise on "Modern Cavalry," receiving for the same a great reward from the Czar of Russia, although in competition with many famous military writers of Europe. Nearly adjacent is Oakhill, formerly the mansion of Major-General Shaw, of Tordarroch in Strathnairn, and for a time the sojourning-place of the Duke of Kent, Queen Victoria's father. The next estate belonged to the illustrious. French-Canadian, Colonel Bouchette, and passed from his possession to that of Colonel Givins, Superintendent of Indian affairs for many years. Governor Gore was a frequent visitor at this hospitable house. Nearer the open country were the homes of Captain MacNab, a Canadian officer, who fell at Waterloo; Mr. B. Hallowell, father of Admiral Sir Benjamin Hallowell, K.C.B.; Colonel Walter O'Hara, who bore many wounds inflicted by the French in the Peninsular campaigns; and many another founder of the Western Empire and hero of Old-World wars.

ST JAMES'S CHURCH.

A part of the estate originally granted to Doctor Macaulay, Surgeon of the Queen's Rangers (and father of Sir James Macaulay, and Colonel Macaulay of the Engineers),

is now occupied by the quiet close of Trinity Square, a secluded bay close to the great currents of Yonge Street, recalling some of the London Inns of Court. The square is surrounded with buildings, in one of which Dr. Scadding wrote his charming and voluminous recollections, entitled "Toronto of Old ;" and in its centre stands Trinity Church, erected and endowed in 1846 from funds given for the purpose to Longley, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury. Among the clergy who have officiated at Trinity were Scoresby, the celebrated Arctic navigator, and Selwyn, afterwards Bishop of New Zealand (and subsequently of Lichfield). Lord Elgin was one of its communicants, before he went

to China and India.

Another part of the Macaulay estate descended to Captain Elmsley, son of the chief justice of that name, who afterwards became a convert to the Church of Rome, and established thereon a convent and college of Basilian monks, still in successful operation.

The first St. James's Church was a plain wooden building, standing in a grove of ancient forest trees, and dating from 1803. Here the troops of the garrison used to attend Divine service; and the pews were occupied by the little world of Toronto, headed by Sir Peregrine Maitland, commander of the 1st Foot Guards at Waterloo, and son-in-law (by elopement) of the Duke of Richmond. Maitland's successor in the stately canopied pew was Sir John Colborne, who was with Sir John Moore when he died-had his shoulder shattered by a cannon-shot at Ciudad Rodrigo-led the 52nd at Waterloo-became Lord Seaton-was Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands-and is commemorated by a noble bronze statue at Plymouth. Mr. Jeune, who used to accompany Sir John's sons to the pew at St. James's (he being their tutor), was afterwards famous as Master of Pembroke College (Oxford) and Bishop of Lincoln.

Here the Miltonian face of Dr. Strachan, the first Bishop of Toronto, appeared for more than half a century, while below him the Old-Country village clerks mouthed the responses, or led the singing with their deep bassoons. The judges and professional men, and many of the wealthy merchants of Toronto, with the officers of the garrison and the élite of the town's society, made St. James's their spiritual shrine for many years. Several times the church was destroyed by fire, only to rise up again in greater beauty. The present edifice is a stately and spacious pile of English-Gothic architecture, in the busiest part of the city, but happily secluded among tall old trees. The spire is 316 feet in height, and contains a great illuminated clock (brought from the Vienna Exposition) and a peal of bells, whose melodies awaken the tenderest home memories.

There are upwards of 70 churches in the city, of which 18 are Episcopalian, 17 Methodist, 11 Presbyterian, and 8 Roman Catholic. St. Andrew's is the favourite church of the Presbyterians, and the chief Methodist congregation meets in the high-towered and ornate Metropolitan Church. Near the latter is the Decorated-Gothic Cathedral of St. Michael, with a peculiarly graceful spire, 250 feet high. This is the church of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Toronto, under whose care are the House of Providence, the Loretto Abbey, the Convent of the Most Precious Blood, and other religious and charitable institutions.

On the western side of the city are several notable public institutions-the great Provincial Lunatic Asylum, of white brick, surrounded by 200 acres of ornamental gardens

and shrubbery; the Crystal Palace, in which the famous annual expositions are held; the frowning walls of the Central Prison; and the Emigrant Sheds connected with the Grand Trunk Railway. On the shore of the harbour are the Old and New Forts, neither of which is (or needs to be) formidable from a military point of view. Among the British regiments which have been stationed at the Old Fort were the 1st, 15th, 32nd, 40th, 41st, 42nd, 68th, and 79th. The lines of white-stone barracks, the broad parade-ground, the grassy ramparts and crumbling walls still remain, but the natty infantrymen and aristocratic young officers of the Royal army are seen here no more.

During the last war between Britain and the United States, an American fleet appeared off Toronto, and landed a body of troops on the beach. After a severe cannonade between the ships and the shore-batteries, the American infantry carried the outer line of works by storm, and were about to assault the main battery, when a burning slowmatch exploded the outer magazine, and literally blew the head of the column to pieces. The whole district was shaken as if by an earthquake; and 232 soldiers of the attacking column, including General Pike, its commander, were killed or wounded. Barbarous though this act was, it did not prevent the Americans from occupying the fort and town, where they captured 293 militiamen. During the engagement, the garrison lost 149 men; and 350 of the invaders were killed or wounded. The Parliament House was burned, and great quantities of supplies and artillery were placed on the ships; and four days later the fleet sailed away to new scenes of conflict. Two months afterwards, the town was again captured, and eleven British transports and six cannon were seized.

The days of invasions and rumours of war have happily passed away, and in this prosperous reign of peace and prosperity, the citizens take ample time for amusement, for which both the means and the inclination are always ready. For the evenings, they have the two opera-houses, the theatre, the concerts at the Horticultural Gardens ; and for pleasant days they have the cricket-ground, and the park where the three local clubs play Lacrosse, the national game of Canada. In winter, the Curling Club amuses itself on the firm ice of the harbour; in summer, the swift vessels of the Royal Canadian Yacht Club cruise up and down the lake. It will be remembered, also, that this city is the home of Hanlan, the champion oarsman of the world, who has so often vanquished his American, British, and colonial antagonists.

Though not the greatest of the Canadian cities, Toronto is the most hopeful, the most enterprising, and feels the ambition of Western progress to the fullest degree. The convenience of its site, the beauty of its streets and public buildings, and the intelligent activity of its people, prefigure a great future for the capital of Ontario, when the broad domains to the north and west shall have been occupied by a dense and industrious population. Here are the waiting acres of virgin soil; the happy colonists of the future are rapidly coming in from over-seas.

Of the vast Canadian Dominion, larger than Australia, and nearly as large as Europe, the metropolis is Montreal and the capital is Ottawa. Three hundred miles to the westward of these is Toronto, the chief city of the Province of Ontario, whose people are of British origin; and nearly two hundred miles to the eastward is Quebec, the capital of the Province of Quebec, in which the French race far predominates. Toronto is